Contents INTORDUCTION : Mankind‟s journey towards powered flight. .......................................................... 4 CHAPTER 1 : Reciprocating engines ................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Inline and V type engines............................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Radial engines ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Carburators .................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Fuel injection .............................................................................................................................. 10 1.5The Diesel Aero engine ............................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER2 : Jet engines ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.1The Turbojet Engine .................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Development of Centrifugal and Axial turbojet engines ..................................................... 13 2.1.2Modern developments ........................................................................................................... 14 2.2Turboprop Engines ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Turbofan Engines ........................................................................................................................ 16 2.3The Turboshaft Engine ................................................................................................................ 18 2.4 Pulsejet Engines ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Ramjet Engines ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.5 The Scramjet ............................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3 : A look into the future .................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Nuclear powered aircraft ............................................................................................................. 22 3.2 Fuel cell and Hydrogen powered aircraft .................................................................................... 24 3.4 Solar powered Aircraft ................................................................................................................ 25 3.5 Diesel and bio-fuels .................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4 : Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 26 List of figures Figure 1 Mesopotamian winged god Anunnaki ……………………………………..2 Figure 2 Ravana‟s flying machine…………………………………………………..2 Figure 3 Leonardo daVinci‟s vision of a helicopter…………………………………2 Figure4 First flight of Montgolfier brothers………………………………………...3 Figure 5 First powered flight by the Wright Brothers……………………………….3 Figure 6 The Wright “Flyer” engine…………………………………………………3 1 Figure7 The first powered flying machine used a steam engine……………………3 Figure8 The Merlin and a Supermarine Spitfire……………………………………4 Figure 8 The Bugatti U 16 water cooled U type engine……………………………..5 Figure 9 Napier cub X engine………………………………………………………..5 Figure 10 a modern four cylinder opposed engine…………………………………..5 Figure11 Wright J-5 whirlwind……………………………………………………..6 Figure12 Pratt& Whitney double Wasp 18 cylinder………………………………..6 Figure 13 Lockheed c-609 Constellation……………………………………………6 Figure 14 Le Rhone C-9 engine…………………………………………………….6 Figure 15 The cylinders rotate……………………………………………………….6 Figure 16 Internal arrangement of a radial engine…………………………………...7 Figure 17 Ford Trimotor……………………………………………………………..7 Figure 18 An updraft carburetor……………………………………………………..7 Figure 19 Antoinette V11…………………………………………………………….8 Figure 20 Focke Wolf 190D………………………………………………………….8 Figure 21 A modern Diesel aircraft………………………………………………….9 Figure 22 The first diesel aircraft……………………………………………………..9 Figure23 Hero‟sEngine……………………………………………………………….10 Figure 24 Camprini…………………………………………………………………..10 Figure 25 Heinkel HE178…………………………………………………………….10 Figure 26 Messerschmitt Me 262……………………………………………………..11 Figure 27 Gloster meteor……………………………………………………………...11 Figure 28 a centrifugal flow jet engine………………………………………………..11 Figure 29 Junkers Jumo 004…………………………………………………………..11 Figure 30 Sir Frank Whittle…………………………………………………………...11 Figure 31 De Havilland Comet………………………………………………………..12 Figure 32 The CFM composite blade engine………………………………………….12 Figure 33 Rolls Royce RB50 Trent……………………………………………………13 Figure 34 An Axial flow turboprop …………………………………………………...13 2 Figure 35 Kuznetsov NK-12 on a TU 95 ……………………………………………...13 Figure 36 TP400 engines mounted on a Airbus A 400M………………………………14 Figure 37 Diagram of a turbofan engine……………………………………………….14 Figure 38 Afterburners operating………………………………………………………15 Figure 39 PW1000G engine……………………………………………………………15 Figure 39 a turboshaft helicopter engine……………………………………………….16 Figure 40 Sikorsky CH-35……………………………………………………………...16 Figure 41 Junkers E126 Pulse jet aircraft………………………………………………17 Figure 42 operation of a pulse jet………………………………………………………17 Figure 43 Boeing‟s Light Arial Multi-purpose Vehicle (LMAV) concept……………17 Figure 44 Operation of a ramjet………………………………………………………18 Figure 45 Kostikov 302………………………………………………………………...18 Figure 46 Leduc 0.1……………………………………………………………………18 Figure 47 A surface to air missile……………………………………………………...19 Figure 49 X-43 being released from the underside of a B52………………………….19 Figure 50 Pratt and Whitney HTRE-3 direct nuclear engine…………………………..20 Figure 51 Artists impression of a nuclear aircraft circa 1950‟s………………………..21 Figure 52 Boeing‟s fuel cell aircraft …………………………………………………..22 Figure 53 Rendering of the Proposed DLR „Smartfish”……………………………..22 Figure 54 NASA‟s Solar plane………………………………………………………...23 Figure 55 The Sunseeker 11 solar powered manned aircraft………………………….23 Figure 56 Airbus E-fan………………………………………………………………..23 3 INTORDUCTION : Mankind‟s journey towards powered flight. Since the dawn of time, man has been forever fascinated by the heavens. The skies were the realms of the gods, for who‟s attributes, many cultures added the power to sore among the birds. These divine beings had the power to come and leave as they wish, no mountain and ocean was an obstacle (Figure 1). Man forever dreamed of taking to the skies and soaring among the birds. From ancient times many dreamt of devising elaborate machines to take them to the heavens, accounts of such fabulous creations are found throughout ancient mythology, one famous such is the flying machine of Ravana (Figure2). It was not until the renaissance that the budding field Figure 2Mesopotamian winged god of science that we find physical records of flying Anunnaki machine designs (Figure 3). Man carrying kites have been reported in ancient China and Japan, but physical evidence is yet to be found. Man‟s first recorded flight was not in an aircraft as we know now, but in a balloon. The Montgolfier brothers Figure 2 Ravana‟s flying machine. were the first recorded human beings to take into the skies in their hot air balloon on 19th October 1784.Prior their flight, a test flight was performed successfully with a Sheep, duck and a chicken on board in June the same year, marking the first established account of the flight of a species who evolution did not intend to leave solid ground (the sheep).However, the occupants were at the mercy of the winds. Steam engines were too heavy to be Figure 3 Leonardo daVinci‟s vision of practical in a flying machine. However the first what appears to be a helicopter controlled powered flight was achieved using a small steam engine in 1852.While lighter than air and heavier than air flying continued to develop, the lack of a lightweight mode of propulsion to maintain flight and control direction remained an unsolved problem. 4 Figure 5 First powered flight of a heavier than air flying machine by the Wright Brothers in Figure4 First flight of 1903 Montgolfier brothers. The dawn of powered flight The dream of powered flight did not materialize till the invention of the internal combustion engine. By the end of the 19th century, internal combustion engines had reached a level of development where the power to weight ratio was adequate enough to propel an aircraft. The Wright brothers are the first to record a powered flight in a heavier than air machine. Airships, preceded airplanes into service also powered by gasoline or diesel engines. The following pages will follow the evolution of aircraft propulsion systems and future trends. Figure7 The first powered flying machine Figure 6 The Wright “Flyer” engine used a steam engine 5 CHAPTER 1 : Reciprocating engines This Chapter covers the evolution of reciprocating internal combustion engines in aircraft propulsion up to modern aircraft. 1.1 Inline and V type engines. Prior to the development of gas turbine engines in the 1930‟s reciprocating