FACULTY OF LEGAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES “Analysis of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and the position of Ecuador towards the IACHR” Prior work to obtain the Bachelor on International Studies with a bilingual mention in Foreign Trade Author Andrea Estefanía Malquin Maura Tutor Dr. Esteban Segarra Cuenca – Ecuador 2015 To the Freedom of Expression, as a tool for defending democracy and human rights in the world. i Acknowledgements The list of acknowledgments is long when it comes to expressing gratitude to all those who have enabled this work to culminate. First, I would like to thank my mom and dad, René and Doris, who gave me the opportunity to study through their efforts that today are reflected in this work. To all the professors of the School of International Studies, who taught me the value of human rights in the world. I would also like to thank my fighting partners for their valuable ideas that made me a new citizen. To Dr. Esteban Segarra for his academic support that contributed to the realization of my graduation project and to the contributions of people like Martha Roldós in whom I saw the reflection of the soul of his beloved father Jaime. And of course, to my Adriano, who was part of that divine conspiracy that enabled this work to be completed. "Thanks to freedom of expression today it is possible to say that a leader is useless without anything to happen to us. To the leader neither. " - Jaume Perich ii Content Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER I: The IACHR and the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression: It’s background, functions and objectives. ....................................................... 4 1.1 HISTORY OF THE IACHR ............................................................................................................... 4 1.2 THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ........................................................ 8 1.3 THE PILARS OF THE SYSTEM FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ....................................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 THE SPECIAL REPPORTEUR FOR FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION .................................. 17 CHAPTER II: The position of Ecuador before the Commission and the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. ................................................................................... 33 2.1.1 1970: Decree No. 177-C “Day of the fight against racial discrimination” ............ 34 2.1.2 1971 – 1973: Raids on opposition leaders during the government of José María Velasco Ibarra ............................................................................................................................... 35 2.1.3 1974 – 1975: Arbitrary detention of Abdon Calderon Muñoz (Leader of the “Frente Radical Alfarista”).................................................................................................................... 36 2.1.4 1979 – 1980: The “Charter of Conduct” by Jaime Roldós .......................................... 38 2.1.5 1982: Advances in the issue of rights: “Universality of Social Security” ............. 40 2.1.6 1989: Torture and detention of Fabricio Proaño, Pablo Proaño and Guadalupe Chiriboga .............................................................................................................................. 41 2.1.7 1994: First “on-site” IACHR visit to Ecuador .................................................................. 42 2.1.8 1995: “Case Rafael Suárez”, “Los 11 de Putumayo” and “The Restrepo brothers” ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 2.1.9 1996: “Case of Víctor Rosario Congo” and “Bolívar Camacho” ................................ 47 2.1.10 1997: “Ruth Garcés Case” and “Manuel García Franco” ......................................... 48 2.1.11 1998: “Consuelo Benavides Case” .................................................................................... 49 2.1.12 1999: The Illegal Detention of Dayra María Levoyer (Jorge Reyes’ wife) ........ 51 2.1.13 2000: “Daniel Tibi Case” and amicable settlement of the “Restrepo Case”...... 53 2.1.14 2001: “Dahik Case” and “María Levoyer” ...................................................................... 55 2.1.15 2002: Precautionary Measures for Rogelio Viteri and citizens who carry HIV / AIDS virus ....................................................................................................................................... 57 iii 2.1.16 2003: Precautionary Measures for the Sarayaku people, Alejandro Peñafiel and The Fybeca Case ............................................................................................................. 58 2.1.17 2004: The “Sarayaku Case” ................................................................................................. 60 2.1.18 2005: General recommendations of the IACHR to Ecuador ................................... 62 2.1.19 2006: Precautionary Measures granted by the IACHR in favor of the hidden people "Tagaeri" and "Taromenani" ................................................................................. 63 2.1.20 2007 – 2008: "The Death of students from Vicente Rocafuerte High School and The Case of Paola del Rosario Guzman” ................................................................................. 64 2.1.21 2009: “ Nelson Serrano Case” ............................................................................................ 66 2.1.22 2010: “Angostura Case”........................................................................................................ 68 2.1.23 2011 – 2012: “El Universo Case” ...................................................................................... 70 2.1.24 2013 - 2014: Case "Jimenez Figueroa and Villavicencio regarding 30-S" ........ 73 2.2 HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ECUADOR TO THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR FOR FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION .................................................................................................. 75 2.2.1 2001: “White Legion” and prosecutions against journalist ...................................... 75 2.2.2 2003: Gag Law in the government of Lucio Gutiérrez ................................................ 76 2.2.3 2005: Rise of “Los Forajidos” ................................................................................................ 77 2.2.4 2007: The first friction between Rafael Correa and the press ................................. 78 2.2.5 2008: The new constitution and freedom of expression ........................................... 79 2.2.6 2009: The rise of attacks and threats against journalist and the media .............. 81 2.2.7 2010: The year in which 230 national channels were broadcast ........................... 83 2.2.8 2011: The Price of the President’s honor ........................................................................ 87 2.2.9 2012: Freedom of Expression in Ecuador’s legal system .......................................... 95 2.2.10 2013: The position of Ecuador before the IACHR ...................................................... 98 2.3 ECUADOR’S RESPONSE ........................................................................................................102 CHAPTER III: Ecuador’s proposal to reform the Commission .....................................106 3.1 OTHER REFORM PROPOSALS (OAS GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN COCHABA,BA – JUNE, 2012) ..............................................................................................................................................113 3.2 THE DECLARATION OF GUAYAQUIL ..................................................................................116 3.3 SPECIAL MEETING OF THE OAS (MARCH 2013) ...........................................................122 3.4 THE COCHABAMBA DECLARATION ....................................................................................128 3.5 THE DECLARATION OF MONTEVIDEO ..............................................................................130 3.6 THE DECLARATION OF PETION-VILLE .............................................................................132 iv 3.7 THE DRAFT RESOLUTION PRESENTED TO THE OAS ..................................................135 3.8 FINAL THOUGHTS ............................................................. ¡Error! Marcador no definido. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................141 References ................................................................................................................................................145 Annex I .......................................................................................................................................................175 AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS "PACT OF SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA" .175 v Abstract Since the devastating effects of World War II, both the Americas and the rest of the world