Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 7-5-2018 Design and Performance Estimation of a Low- Reynolds Number Unmanned Aircraft ysS tem Sean Lauderdale King Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Commons, Navigation, Guidance, Control and Dynamics Commons, and the Other Engineering Commons Recommended Citation King, Sean Lauderdale, "Design and Performance Estimation of a Low-Reynolds Number Unmanned Aircraft ysS tem" (2018). LSU Master's Theses. 4773. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4773 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION OF A LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and AGricultural and Mechanical ColleGe in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the deGree of Master of Science in The Department of Mechanical EnGineerinG by Sean Lauderdale KinG B.S.M.E., Louisiana State University, 2014 AuGust 2018 i Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................ iv List of FiGures ................................................................................................................ v Abstract ......................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1. Introduction and DesiGn Process ................................................................ 1 1.1 Purpose of the DesiGn ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 DesiGn Considerations (Mission Parameters) ............................................................ 2 1.3 DesiGn Process and Thesis Structure ........................................................................... 5 Chapter 2. Conceptual DesiGn Phase ........................................................................... 9 2.1 DesiGn Equations .............................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Preliminary Airfoil Selection ........................................................................................ 14 2.3 Analytical Solution to Finite WinG Properties .......................................................... 18 2.4 Initial Plane DesiGn ....................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3. Preliminary DesiGn Calculations .............................................................. 23 3.1 FliGht Mechanics and Aerodynamic Analysis ............................................................23 3.2 Structural Analysis ..........................................................................................................37 3.3 Powerplant Selection ..................................................................................................... 45 3.4 Interim DesiGn Overview ............................................................................................. 48 Chapter 4. Detail DesiGn Calculations ....................................................................... 49 4.1 Fault Tree ......................................................................................................................... 49 4.2 Final DesiGn WeiGht Buildup ...................................................................................... 50 4.3 Detailed FliGht Mechanics ............................................................................................ 51 4.4 Detailed Structural Analysis ........................................................................................ 54 4.5 Final DesiGn Overview .................................................................................................. 59 Chapter 5. Final Iteration Performance Estimation ................................................... 61 5.1 Takeoff ............................................................................................................................... 61 5.2 Climb ................................................................................................................................ 62 5.3 Level FliGht ...................................................................................................................... 64 5.3.2 Endurance and RanGe ................................................................................................ 66 5.4 LandinG ............................................................................................................................ 75 5.5 Performance Review ...................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 77 ii References ................................................................................................................... 79 Appendix A. Market Survey and Differentiation ........................................................ 81 A.1 Review of Market Competition .................................................................................... 81 A.2 Potential DesiGn Modules ........................................................................................... 82 A.3 ManufacturinG Cost Estimate ..................................................................................... 83 Appendix B. FAA FAR Part §23 DesiGn ...................................................................... 85 B.1 ManeuverinG LoadinG ................................................................................................... 85 B.2 Gust LoadinG .................................................................................................................. 85 B.3 LandinG LoadinG ............................................................................................................ 86 Appendix C. Dynamic Thrust Estimation .................................................................. 87 C.1 Theory .............................................................................................................................. 87 C.2 Code Validation ............................................................................................................. 88 C.3 Results ............................................................................................................................. 89 Vita ............................................................................................................................... 92 iii List of Tables Table 1. Qualitative summary of FAA Part 23 desiGn criteria ..................................... 3 Table 2. Qualitative and quantitative desiGn specifications ....................................... 7 Table 3. Summary table of 2D airfoil lift characteristics ............................................ 17 Table 4. Drag minimization constraints on optimization space .............................. 25 Table 5. Delta derivative validation table .................................................................. 32 Table 6. Stress summary table .................................................................................... 43 Table 7. DesiGn weiGht buildup .................................................................................. 50 Table 8. EiGenvalues of dynamic stability modes ...................................................... 54 Table 9. LandinG load maximum principal stress converGence table ...................... 56 Table 10. ManeuverinG loadinG maximum principal stress converGence table ....... 57 Table 11. Full fuel underdamped dynamic stability responses .................................. 68 Table 12. No fuel underdamped dynamic stability responses ................................... 68 Table 13. DesiGn parameters met and summary of the vehicle parameters ............. 78 Table 14. Table of market competitors ....................................................................... 82 Table 15. Common market survey results for modules ............................................. 83 Table 16. Major subsystem cost summary ................................................................. 83 iv List of FiGures FiGure 1. General plane desiGn process ........................................................................ 6 FiGure 2. General objectives of a UAS .......................................................................... 8 FiGure 3. Basic fliGht forces of a tailless, pusher UAS with internal payload body ....11 FiGure 4. Fuselage-centered coordinate force resolution diagram ............................ 12 FiGure 5. Simplified winG loadinG analysis.................................................................. 13 FiGure 6. S5020, MH 60 and MH 45 airfoil sections ................................................... 15 FiGure 7. Lift curve comparison of MH45, MH 60, and S5020 airfoils with respect to airfoil anGle of attack............................................................................................ 16 FiGure