as basic demographic information (age, Journal 8. June 2004. Retrieved 14 March 2005. gender, family size, etc). The same <http://www.bbj.hu/?module=displaystory&story_ Hungarian Folk Music And Jazz: interview will also be administered to a id=240666&format=html>. control group of Hungarian children. Escritt, Thomas. “Sino-Hungarian.” The Budapest Sun. 9 Exploring New Concepts An investigation of Chinese children September 2004, edition: Volume XII, Issue 37. in mainstream Hungarian school and Chen, M. Personal interview. 15 March 2005. their definition of self would also be Kaplan, Paul S. A Child’s Odyssey: Child and Adolescent For Contemporary enlightening. Development. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company, 1986. Improvised Music Magyar-Kínai Két Tanytasi Nyelvű Általános Iskola homepage. 5. Conclusion Retrieved 8 March 2005. <http://www.magyar-kinai. sulinet.hu/hun/>. Multicultural education has become Németh H. Erzsébet. “Kínai iskola nyílt Újpalotán: Távol-keleti Matthew Douglas essential in creating diverse societies centrum formálódik a XV. Kerületben.” Népszabadság. 3 that are fair, understanding, and September 2004, page 10. peaceful. In Hungary, the opening of Nyíri, Pál. “Chinese Migration to Eastern Europe.” International the Hungarian-Chinese bilingual school Migration 41 (2003): 239 – 265. has been a monumental step in brining ---. New Chinese Migrants in Europe: The case of the Chinese ............................................................................................... systematic legitimacy and recognition to Community in Hungary. Aldershot, England: Ashgate the permanence of a small but significant Publishing Ltd, 1999. Graduate Student College of Liszt Ferenc Music Academy population in Hungary. Hopefully, “Összefoglaló a magyar-kínai multikulturális két tanítasi At-Large Jazz Department Hungary will continue to financially back nyelvű iskola létrehozásáról.” Oktatási Minisztérium. [email protected] H-1052 Budapest, Semmelweis u. 12 programs, such as this, that promote March 2004. Retrieved 17 February 2005. <http://www. www.isztacademy.hu diversity of thought throughout society. om.hu/main.php?folderID=216&articleID=1514&ctag Adviser : Borbély Mihály =articlelist&iid=1>. Pieke, Frank N., Pál Nyíri, Mette ThunØ, and Antonella ............................................................................................... Bibliography Ceccagno. Transnational Chinese: Fujianese Migrants in Europe. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. This year my Fulbright research project has been based around one primary concept: to fuse “Symposium on Establishment of The Chinese-Hungarian A.S. “Kínai áruelosztó központ a magyar fővaros.” Népszabadság. together elements of Hungarian folk music with my interpretation of contemporary jazz. As a 17 March 2004. Bilingual School Held in Hungary.” China national office saxophone player, I was immediately drawn to Hungarian music based around the furulya and “Budapest Chinese-Hungarian Bilingual School opens.” for teaching Chinese as a foreign language (NOCFL). 20 other wind instruments. My first goal was to learn how to play the furulya, kaval, and tilinko, China national office for teaching Chinese as a foreign July 2004. Retrieved 17 February 2005. <http://english. along with a small repertoire for each instrument. While studying these instruments, I was language (NOCFL). 8 September 8 2004. Retrieved 17 hanban.edu.cn/market/HanBanE/411926.htm> noticing melodic and structural similarities within the repertoire. Using some of these common February 2005. <http://english.hanban.edu.cn/market/ Wang, Qi. “The Emergence of Cultural Self-Constructs: characteristics, I have been composing music for a more modern jazz ensemble, specifically for HanBanE/411940.htm >. Autobiographical Memory and Self-Description in acoustic bass, drums, guitar, and myself on saxophones and various Hungarian wooden flutes. “Chinese charging clothing retail sector.” Budapest Business European American and Chinese Children.” Developmental This paper will discuss the motivations behind such a fusion of styles and the compositional Journal. 25 October 2004. Retrieved 14 March 2005. Psychology 40 (2004): 3 – 15. techniques used in fusing Hungarian folk music with jazz, along with the academic and <http://www.bbj.hu/?module=displaystory&story_ Yee, Sonya. “Business-Savvy Hungarians Try to Make Chinese aesthetic limitations that were exposed in the process. id=243831&format=html>. Feel at Home.” LA Times 29 September 2004. “Chinese president due on Thursday.” Budapest Business 44 45 AY 2004-2005 Matthew Douglas: Hungarian Folk Music And Jazz most blunt way to explain the departure furulya music was how each melody seems Another common characteristic within the Introduction of jazz from its folk roots. The method to exist within both major and minor keys, vocal music has to do with the structure American jazz has followed a somewhat of acquisition and how it exists in the and in this sense it tells an intricate story of the song. I often found that within a natural trend in its progression over the community defines music as “folk.” The with incredible effect. It sounds like a simple 4 or 8-bar melody, there existed last hundred years, from early dixieland, changes that have occurred in jazz are simple generalization, considering all an internal structure. In traditional jazz swing, and bebop, to free jazz and the avante natural and expected, but at the heart of European based music uses a system of composition, one very common structure guarde, funk, fusion, and all increments a musician in the improvised music world, devices that build tension and allow for a would be A-A-B-A, equaling a 32-bar song: in between. Each style building on its not much has changed. Jazz musicians release of that tension. But the usage of A melody repeated, a bridge section, and previous and its parallel, or dramatically thrive on innovation, exploration, minor and major can be heard just within then the original melody repeated with responding to it in an artistically logical and diversity, but still exist in small the melody itself, without necessarily a slight variation for the ending. Within way, just as classical music has since the communities, rely on these communities harmonic support. A pentatonic scale an 4-bar vocal or furulya tune, there middle ages. In American jazz over the for sustainability, and grow by educating system is often used to shift between can be an A-B-B-A structure: A theme, last 10 years, there has been a growing each other. The “folk” has always been minor and major tonalities. The major a rhythmically similar but harmonically fascination with incorporating Eastern alive in jazz musicians, and it is now being pentatonic scale starts on the root, and different melody repeated, and a closing European folk styles into contemporary manifested in the current styles. then uses the second, third, fifth, and theme that relates back to the beginning. improvised music. This can, in part, sixth scale degrees to evoke a major sound This isn’t a particularly unusual thing with only five notes. The relative minor in music theory, but for folk tunes to have to do with a stylistic move away Finding Common from harmonically driven composition pentatonic scale uses the same tones, but have it represented so consistently, and and towards more rhythmic and melody Characteristics begins on the major scale’s sixth degree. especially in tunes of such a short length, focused songwriting. The minor pentatonic scale is almost it is a defining characteristic. Phrasing The repertoire of Hungarian folk music This fusion of folk music and jazz is exactly like a “blues” scale in jazz, except and rhythmic patterns within different is incredibly vast, consisting of five not limited to Eastern European folk without the flatted fifth scale degree. It is song structures also have many common discernible dialects based on geographical traditions. American folk, or today often very easy to use these scales together to characteristics. regions. My initial problem with this known as “Americana,” has also made create a feeling of major harmony, but then study was that I wanted to get a general its impression on contemporary music. I at the end, to issue a final resolution in feel for the consistencies throughout Analysis of Compositions believe that these new influences are the minor. In simpler terms, many Hungarian Hungarian music as a whole in order to next logical step in the evolution of jazz. folk tunes convey a positive, major feeling, apply it to a contemporary music form. To When I started writing tunes that I The “folk-fusion” style is a reaction to but then end in a more sorrowful, minor understand the differences and subtleties thought would represent both elements of recent movements in that it incorporates mode. Transylvanian vocal music shares of all Hungarian folk music would be a Hungarian folk music and contemporary tonal harmonies, phrase-like rhythmic some of these same traits. The melodies lifetime’s work, so I needed to focus on jazz, my first approach was to begin a concepts, and simpler melodies as they do not often start on the root of a minor just a couple of specific areas. Being a new song from scratch, and hope that relate to the harmony. In other words, scale. They are more likely to start on the saxophone and woodwinds player, but the analysis I was doing of the folk songs this could be a reaction to technology and root of the relative major and then end in also having a strong interest in folk singer would seep through my creative filter and modernity in contemporary improvised the minor. songwriting, I decided to concentrate onto the paper. I quickly realized that my music. This is not a new trend in the mainly on furulya (flute) music and vocal history of Western music, but in jazz this music primarily from Transylvania. I also is the most significant in its history. found these areas of focus easy to access But is this attraction to folk music through the lively dance house scene in simply a reaction to previous trends, or Budapest, where the band is often led by is it grounded in something else? What is a furulya player.