The Salvation of the Flesh in Tertullian of Carthage 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd i 8/6/2011 2:34:17 PM This page intentionally left blank The Salvation of the Flesh in Tertullian of Carthage Dressing for the Resurrection Carly Daniel-Hughes 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd iii 8/6/2011 2:34:17 PM the salvation of the flesh in tertullian of carthage Copyright © Carly Daniel-Hughes, 2011. All rights reserved. First published in 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States – a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–0–230–11773–0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Daniel-Hughes, Carly, 1974– The salvation of the fl esh in Tertullian of Carthage : dressing for the resurrection / Carly Daniel-Hughes. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–230–11773–0 (hardback) 1. Tertullian, ca. 160-ca. 230. 2. Clothing and dress—Social aspects—Rome. 3. Clothing and dress—Symbolic aspects— Rome. 4. Identifi cation (Religion) 5. Church history— Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. BR65.T7D36 2011 230'.13092—dc22 2011011923 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company First edition: October 2011 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd iv 8/6/2011 2:34:17 PM For David Levenson In gratitude 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd v 8/6/2011 2:34:17 PM This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction Dress in Tertullian of Carthage 1 1 Bodily Displays of Modesty: Or, How to Power Dress in the Roman World 15 2 The Clothing that Maketh the Christian Man: Tertullian’s On the Pallium 45 3 Why Is She the “Devil’s Gateway”? Debating Adornment in Christian Carthage 63 4 Shaming the Virgins’ Flesh: A Contest over Veiling 93 Epilogue 115 Notes 121 Bibliography 157 Index 169 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd vii 8/6/2011 2:34:17 PM This page intentionally left blank List of Figures 1.1 Pudicitia Portrait Statue, Roman Imperial (Rome, Capitoline Museum) 23 1.2 Ara Pacis Monument, South Frieze (Rome, Ara Pacis Museum) 36 1.3 Togatus Portrait Statue of Emperor Titus (Vatican City, Vatican Museum) 38 1.4 Togatus Portrait Statue of Hadrian (Rome, Capitoline Museum) 39 1.5 Palliatus Portrait Statue of Demosthenes, Roman Imperial (Vatican City, Vatican Museum) 40 1.6a and 1.6b Obverse and reverse of a Roman denarius. Sabina diademed with veiled Pudicitia (American Numismatic Society) 41 1.7 Large Heraculaneum Type Portrait Statue of Faustina the Elder (Vatican City, Vatican Museum) 42 3.1 Female Portrait Bust, Roman Imperial (Flavian) (Rome, Capitoline Museum) 85 3.2 Egyptian Funeral Shroud, Painted Linen of a Woman Third–Fourth Century CE (Vatican City, Vatican Museum) 87 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd ix 8/6/2011 2:34:18 PM This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments This project grew out of my Harvard Divinity School doctoral dissertation. Its fi nal form owes much to various mentors, colleagues, as well as friends and family without whom the experience of research and writing at every stage would have been impoverished. First, thanks to my dissertation com- mittee members, especially my advisor, Karen King, who helped me envi- sion the dissertation, and see it through to its fi nal form. Her scholarship continues to inform me and bears its traces on this project in innumerable ways. I offer my appreciation to Laura Nasrallah who ignited my interest in Tertullian and continues to expand my intellectual horizons in the study of ancient material culture. Finally, Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza sharpened my critical sensibilities, and reminded me that scholarship as an ethical undertaking and a responsibility. While completing this project, I was surrounded by insightful and gener- ous colleagues: the most notable among them is Benjamin Dunning. He has been an essential conversation partner, advancing my thinking, and serving as a constant intellectual touchstone in my work. Thanks to Anna Miller and Katherine Shaner for invaluable discussion of this project and their unending camaraderie. Other doctoral colleagues including Mikael Haxby, Taylor Petrey, Catherine Playoust, Marcie Lenk, and Brent Landau deserve recognition for comments on earlier drafts, helpful feedback, and most of all, their friendship. François Bovon, Bernadette Brooten, Nicola Denzey, Jennifer Glancy, Caroline Johnson-Hodge, Anne-Marie Luijendijk, Kristi Upson-Saia, and Annewies van den Hoek, among other generous scholars who I encountered during my graduate studies at Harvard, shared their work with me and helpfully discussed my own. Wesley and Suzanne Wildman provided guidance and assurance at the most intense time in my doctoral program, and helped me to fi nd my way through it. Since coming to Concordia University in 2007, I have been supported in a number of ways that proved essential for advancing this project. 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd xi 8/6/2011 2:34:18 PM xii ● Acknowledgments My colleagues in the Department of Religion have graciously welcomed me, with stimulating discussion of my work and much else. Norma Joseph, Michel Despland, Lynda Clarke, Donald Boisvert, and Naftali Cohn, in particular, have been sources of support and lively intellectual stimulation. I also thank Zehava Cohn who worked as editor on various stages of revi- sion and has improved my writing considerably as a result. I also thank my research assistants, in particular Philip Wakeford for his diligence and professionalism. Beyond Concordia, I owe much to Ellen Aitken and Hal Taussig for investing in my work in ways that truly inspire me. They enliven my hopes for future research projects and collaborations. Research for this book has been fi nancially supported by Concordia University’s faculty start-up grant as well as Québec’s Fonds de recherche sur la sociétè et la culture new researcher’s grant. My parents, Clarence and Wendy Daniel, provided unwavering belief in my abilities and excitement for my successes. Deep gratitude goes to my mother-in-law, Victoria Hughes, for her tireless devotion to our family. She made it possible for me to succeed as a new mother and a junior faculty member, and supports my intellectual endeavors with her openness to new experiences and ideas that is truly remarkable. My husband Brandon Daniel-Hughes has been an essential source of laughter as well as a provider of good food and domestic comfort. Without him life would be consider- ably less fun and meaningful. Love goes to my son, Silas, for patiently enduring my busy schedule and covering my offi ce with his excellent artwork. Finally I want to show my appreciation for David Levenson, Professor of Religion at Florida State University, to whom this book is dedicated. He introduced me to the literature of early Christianity, sowing the seeds of an intellectual curiosity that continues to grow unabated and giving me the courage to pursue it with abandon. In this he remains the model teacher against which I will always measure myself. For your investment in me, David, I thank you. 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd xii 8/6/2011 2:34:18 PM Abbreviations Apul. Apuleius Flor. Florida Caes. Caesar B Gall Bellum Gallicum Cic. Cicero Cat. In Catilinam Phil. Orationes Phillippicae Galen UP De usu partium Gos. Thom. Gospel of Thomas Jos. Asen. Joseph and Aseneth Jos. Josephus C. Ap. Contra Apionem Justin Justin Martyr Dial. Dialogue with Trypho Juv. Juvenal Livy Livy Lucian Herod. Herodotus and Aëtion Mart. Martial Mart. Perpet. Martyrdom of Perpetua Ov. Ovid Ars. Ars amatoria Am. Remedia amoris Plin. Pliny HN Naturalis historia 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd xiii 8/6/2011 2:34:18 PM xiv ● Abbreviations Plut. Plutarch Cat. Maj. Cato Major Mor. Moralia Conj. praec. Conjugalia praecepta Amat. Amatorius Quaest. rom. Quaestiones Romanae Quaest. conv. Quaestiones convivales Prop. Propertius Quint. Quintilian Inst. Institutio Oratoria Sen. Seneca Contr. Controversiae Sen. Seneca Ep. Epistulae Helv. Ad Helvica Sor. Soranus Gyn. Gynecology Suetonius Aug. Augustus Cal. Gaius Caligula Claud. Divus Claudius Tib. Tiberius Ter. Tertullian An. De anima Bapt. De baptism Carn. Chr. De carne Christi Cor. De corona militis Cult. fem. De cultu feminarum I & II Exh. Cast. De exhortatione castitatis Fug. De fuga in persecutione Idol. De idolatria Iei. De ieiuno Marc. Adversus Marcionem I-V Mart. Ad martyras Mon. De monogamia Or. De oratione Pall. De pallio Pud. De pudicitia 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd xiv 8/6/2011 2:34:18 PM Abbreviations ● xv Res. De resurrectione mortuorum Scap. Ad Scapulam Scorp. Scorpiace Spect. De spectaculis Ux. Ad uxorem I & II Virg. De virginibus velandis Tib. Tibullus Val. Max. Valerius Maximus Varro Ling. De lingua Latina 9780230117730_01_prexvi.indd xv 8/6/2011 2:34:18 PM This page intentionally left blank INTRODUCTION Dress in Tertullian of Carthage Introduction Dress yourselves with the silk of honesty, the linen of sanctity, and the purple of pudicitia. Painted in this way,