Balands NP: Historic Resource Study BADLANDS Discovery and Re-Discovery in the White River Badlands Historic Resource Study DISCOVERY AND RE-DISCOVERY IN THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Historic Resource Study Badlands National Park South Dakota Prepared By: J. Sanderson Stevens, Principal Investigator, JMA Jacky Taylor, Landscape Architectural Historian, JMA Mark Hufstetler, Historian, RTI Mitzi Rossillon, Historical Archeologist, RTI by John Milner Associates, Inc. 239 South 5th Street, Sutie 917 Louisville, Kentucky 40202 Renewable Technologies, Inc. Butte, Montana 59701 Bahr Vermeer & Haecker Architects, Ltd. Omaha, Nebraska 68508 July 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS badl/hrs/index.htm Last Updated: 05-Jan-2007 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/badl/hrs/index.htm[8/17/2012 11:38:25 AM] Badlands NP: Historic Resource Study (Contents) BADLANDS Discovery and Re-Discovery in the White River Badlands Historic Resource Study TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover (HTML) Cover (PDF) Contents (PDF) Chapter 1: Introduction (PDF) What is a Historic Resource Study? What are "badlands"? White River Badlands Badlands National Park HRS Report Organization Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Geological and Paleontological Studies within the White River Badlands (PDF) Introduction Summary of Previous Paleontological Investigations (1846-1950) University and Museum Contributions to Badlands Geology and Paleontology (ca. 1892-1950) Geological and Paleontological Studies Meet the Modern World (1950 to Present) Chapter 3: Prehistoric and Protohistoric Overview of the White River Badlands (PDF) White River Badlands as an Archeological Region Previous Investigations in the White River Badlands Prehistoric Cultural Context Chapter 4: Siouan and Other American Indian Occupation of the White River Badlands (AD 1770-1891) (PDF) Introduction Arrival of Siouan Tribes in South Dakota (AD 1700-1830) Lakota (Teton) in the White River Badlands Region (1760-1840) Non-Siouan Tribes in the Vicinity of the Badlands (1750-1850) American Expansionism, Broken Promises and the Beginning of Indian Wars on the Plains (1840-1864) Deterioration of Lakota and American Relations and War on the Plains (1864-1880) http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/badl/hrs/contents.htm[8/17/2012 11:38:27 AM] Badlands NP: Historic Resource Study (Contents) Failure of the Reservation System, the Ghost Dance Religion, and the End of the Indian Wars (1880-1891) Sacred Sites in the Vicinity of the Badlands Chapter 5: Native American/Euro-American Relations on the Upper Missouri from 1744 to the 1820s and in the Badlands Area from 1822 to 1910 (PDF) Initial Explorations and Trade in the Upper Missouri Region by Imperial Powers (1744-1803) Opening of the American Fur Trade Era on the Upper Missouri and Trading Activities in the Vicinity of the White River Badlands (1803-1866) Establishment of and Euro-American Expansion into the Dakota Territory (1858-1865) Laramie Treaty of 1868 and Its Consequences (1868-1876) The Great Sioux Reservation (1877-1889) The Pine Ridge Reservation Sioux and Their Neighbors (1890-1910) Chapter 6: Development and Patterns of Euro-American Settlement in the White River Badlands (AD 1880s-1960s) (PDF) Introduction Pre-Settlement Euro-American Activity and Interest in the White River Badlands and Western Dakota (to ca. 1885) Permanent European Settlement in the White River Badlands: Nineteenth Century Ranching (ca. 1885-1906) The Arrival and Significance of the Railroads (1885-1907) The White River Badlands and the Homestead Boom (1906-1918) Homestead Life in the Badlands (1906-1918) The Badlands Homestead Towns (1906-1940) The End of the Homestead Era (1918-1940) World War II and Beyond (1941-2006) Postscript: Homestead-era Cultural Resources Chapter 7: Case Studies of Agricultural Use of the White River Badlands (AD 1900-1950s) (PDF) Case Histories, Subject Selection, and Study Methodology Far West Badlands and Cuny Table Miller Basin (Imlay Area) Sage Creek Basin Conata Basin Upper Big Buffalo Creek Chapter 8: Twentieth Century Economic Development and Tourism (PDF) Introduction Pioneers in the Preservation of Natural Landscapes and the Promotion of Travel (ca. 1830-1907) Promoting Travel and Tourism (ca. 1890s-1939) Railroad Development (ca. 1889-1907) Local Recreation as Tourism (1909-1941) The Coming of the Automobile (1908-1940) The Role of Government in Developing Infrastructure (ca. 1910-1942) Chapter 9: The Development of Badlands National Park (PDF) http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/badl/hrs/contents.htm[8/17/2012 11:38:27 AM] Badlands NP: Historic Resource Study (Contents) Introduction Early Attempts to Attract Recognition (1909-1929) Private Development (1927-1929) State and Federal Highway Partnerships (1929-1976) Federal Land Programs (1933-1936) The New Deal Era (1929-1941) World War II and the Monument as a Bombing Range (1942-1968) Mission 66 (1956-1966) Re-Designation of the Monument to National Park Status (1952-1985) Relations with American Indian Populations (1976-2006) Recognizing the Historic Significance of Badlands National Park (1993- 2006) Chapter 10: Selected Bibliography (PDF) Published Documents Unpublished Documents Government Documents Online Resources Appendix A: Land Patents Issued in the Vicinity of Badlands National Park (1900- 1955) (PDF) Introduction LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1, Map of Badlands National Park Showing Units and Geographical Boundaries Figure 2, Map showing location of selected homesteads mentioned in text Figure 3, Ernest Bormann stacking sod around base of his tar-paper homestead shack in 1912 Figure 4, Edgar and Alice Brown sod homestead house (at left) and another shack attached (at right), both buildings with wood lap siding. Alice and son Charles standing in front of house, photo from early 1930s Figure 5, Pioneer Hotel, typical early twentieth century tourism accommodation Figure 6, Ca. 1917 Driving in the Badlands Figure 7, Promoting tourism in the Badlands, ca. 1920 Figure 8, National Register Eligible Resources LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Summary of Pre-1978 Archeological Surveys In or Adjacent to Badlands National Monument Table 2. Summary of Selected 1978 and Post-1978 Archeological Surveys in or Adjacent to Badlands National Park Table 3. Summary of NRHP Eligible Sites in Badlands National Park Table 4. Population Growth in the Missouri River-Rapid City Corridor, 1900-1910 Table 5. Population Trends of Incorporated Townsites in the White River Badlands Area, 1910-1950 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/badl/hrs/contents.htm[8/17/2012 11:38:27 AM] Badlands NP: Historic Resource Study (Contents) Table 6. Population Trends of Incorporated Townsites in the White River Badlands Area, 1960-2000 Table A-1. Jackson County Homestead Patents to 1955 Table A-2. Pennington County Homestead Patents, to 1955 badl/hrs/contents.htm Last Updated: 05-Jan-2007 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/badl/hrs/contents.htm[8/17/2012 11:38:27 AM] DISCOVERY AND RE-DISCOVERY IN THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Historic Resource Study Badlands National Park South Dakota DISCOVERY AND RE-DISCOVERY IN THE WHITE RIVER BADLANDS Historic Resource Study Badlands National Park South Dakota John Milner Associates, Inc. 239 South 5th Street, Suite 917 Louisville, Kentucky 40202 Renewable Technologies, Inc. Butte, Montana 59701 Bahr Vermeer & Haecker Architects, Ltd. Omaha, Nebraska 68508 Prepared By: J. Sanderson Stevens, Principal Investigator, JMA Jacky Taylor, Landscape Architectural Historian, JMA Mark Hufstetler, Historian, RTI Mitzi Rossillon, Historical Archeologist, RTI Recommended Superintendent, Badlands National Park Date Approved Regional Director, Midwest Region Date Notice: This manuscript has been authored by Bahr Vermeer Haecker Architects, Ltd., in association with John Milner Associates, Inc., and Renewable Technologies, Inc., under Contract Number C6000990002 with the National Park Service. The United States Government retains, and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for the United States Government purposes. Badlands Historic Resource Study • July 2006 • John Milner Associates, Inc. ________________________________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction What is a Historic Resource Study?.....................................................................................1 What are “badlands”? ..........................................................................................................2 White River Badlands..........................................................................................................3 Badlands National Park........................................................................................................5 HRS Report Organization....................................................................................................5 Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Geological and Paleontological Studies within the White River Badlands Introduction..........................................................................................................................9 Summary of Previous Paleontological Investigations (1846-1950) ..................................10 University and Museum Contributions to Badlands Geology and Paleontology (ca. 1892-1950)............................................................................................16