THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2017 THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2017 Children in a Digital World UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL MONDAY 11 DECEMBER 2017 00:01 (GMT) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Delphine Bellerose, Girish Lala and Amanda Third REPORT TEAM from Western Sydney University for their work This report is the result of collaboration among designing the methodology and analysing the EDITORIAL AND RESEARCH many individuals and institutions. The editorial and results from The State of the World’s Children Brian Keeley, Lead Editor; Céline Little, Editor; research team thanks all who gave so willingly of workshops held globally for this report. Achila Imchen, Research Officer and Data their time, expertise and energy, in particular: Coordination; Juliano Diniz de Oliveira, Research danah boyd, Drew Davidson, Mark Graham, Officer and Youth Engagement Specialist; Daniel UNICEF colleagues in Bangladesh, Belarus, John Horrigan, Sonia Livingstone, Chris Locke, Kardefelt-Winther, Researcher and Global Kids Bhutan, Brazil, Burundi, Central African Republic, Juliana Rotich and Michael Trucano for providing Online Data Coordinator; Jordan Tamagni, Editorial Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guatemala, guidance and advice. Advisor; Timothy Ledwith, Editorial Advisor; Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Jasmina Byrne, Policy Advisor; Carlos Perellón, Republic of Moldova, Nigeria, Pacific Islands Tristan Harris for participating in the Spanish Editor; Alix Reboul-Salze, French Editor; (Fiji, Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu), Conversations with Thought Leaders speaker Anastasia Warpinski, Lead Writer; Xinyi Ge, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Senegal, Thailand, series at UNICEF House in January 2017. Yasmine Hage and Baishalee Nayak, Research Timor-Leste, Tunisia and Uruguay for facilitating Fredrik Eriksson and Ivan Vallejo Vall from the and Fact-Checking; Natalie Leston, Kristin The State of the World’s Children workshops. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Moehlmann and Charlotte Rutsch, Copy Editors. UNICEF colleagues in Brazil, Burkina Faso, for providing original data used in this report; Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Joss Gillet and Jenny Jones from GSM DATA AND ANALYTICS Chad, Chile, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Guatemala, Association for guidance and statistical support. Agbessi Amouzou, Robert Bain, Nassim Benali, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Liberia, Malaysia, David Brown, Claudia Cappa, Liliana Carvajal, Lucia Hug and Olga Oleszczu for their help Mexico, Myanmar, Pakistan, Senegal, Swaziland, Karoline Hassfurter, Hiroyuki Hattori, Lucia Hug, producing the ITU map on unconnected youth. Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine Priscilla Idele, Claes Johansson, Julia Krasevec, and United Kingdom for participating in The State Programme and Policy Guidance: Victor Vrinda Mehra, Padraic Murphy, Colleen Murray, of the World’s Children U-Report poll. Aguayo, Patty Alleman, David Anthony, Maaike Khin Wityee Oo, Nicole Petrowski, Tyler Porth, Arts, Wivina Belmonte, Anjan Bose, Katlin Brasic, Shahrouh Sharif, Tom Slaymaker, Chiho Suzuki, Patrizia Di Giovanni, James Elder, Ephantus Ena, Matt Brossard, Anna Burlyaeva, Laurence Chandy, Haogen Yao and Danzhen You. Duncan Kagio, Charles Kamonde, Minu Limbu, Sarah Cook, Judith Diers, Eliana Drakopoulos, Ousmane Niang, Edita Nsubuga, Leila Pakkala and Laurent Duvillier, Andres Franco, Juan Pablo PUBLICATION DESIGN AND PRODUCTION Werner Schultink, in Nairobi, Kenya; Aida Girma, Giraldo Ospino, Amaya Gorostiaga, Sarah Green, Samantha Wauchope, Head of Publishing; Cary McCormick and Joy, Doreen Mulenga, Jumana Haj-Ahmad, Runar Holen, Karin Hulshof, Germain Ake and Ernest Califra. Jaya Murthy and Patrick Oburu in Kampala, Blandine Ledoux, Katell Le Goulven, Robert Uganda; and Samir Badran, Robert Jenkins, MacTavish, Andrew Mawson, Gopal Mitra, Ariam Graphic design: Soapbox, www.soapbox.co.uk Emad Mohammad and Miraj Pradhan in Amman, Mogos, Indra Kumari Nadchatram, Yulia Oleinik, Jordan, for their patience, support and good Clara Sommarin and Morgan Strecker. © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) humour during The State of the World’s Children report team’s site visits. Office of Innovation: Stuart Campo, Christopher December 2017 Fabian, Sunita Grote, Angelica Gustilo Ong, Sanjay Asthana, Monica Bulger, Patrick Burton, Permission is required to reproduce any part of Erica Kochi, Shruti Kunduri, Milja Laakso, Sandra Cortesi, Urs Gasser, Mimi Ito, Daniel this publication. Please contact: Cynthia McCaffrey, Guillaume Michels, Blair Kardefelt-Winther, Sonia Livingstone, Kathryn L. Palmer, James Powell, Maria Luisa Sotomayor, Division of Communication, UNICEF Mills, Jelena Surculija Milojevic, Kentaro Toyama Christopher Szymczak and Naroa Zurutuza. Attn: Permissions and Mario Viola de Azevedo Cunha for providing 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA guidance and authoring background papers and Communication team: Justin Forsyth, Deputy Tel: +1 (212) 326-7434 special features. Executive Director; Paloma Escudero, Director, Email: [email protected] Division of Communication; Lisa Benenson and Rachel Botsman, Niels Christiansen, Juan Caroline den Dulk, Deputy Directors, Division For the latest data, please visit <data.unicef.org> Enriquez, Anab Jain, Pony Ma, Khadija Patel, of Communication; and Maurico Aguayo, Kartik Sawhney, Karim Sy and Laura Maclet for ISBN: 978-92-806-4930-7 Anna Baldursdottir, Nigina Baykabulova, participating in the Perspectives essay series. Gerrit Beger, Penni Berns, Marissa Buckanoff, Cover Photo © UNICEF/UN036675/Sharma And to Phoebe Adler-Ryan, Kathrine Bisgaard Lely Djuhari, Laurent Duvillier, Madeline Eisner, Vase, Jin Cheng, Thierry Delvigne-Jean, Rana Kristen Elsby, Joe English, Merva Faddoul, Flowers, Lisa Goldberg, Danielle Knight, Denise Jedd Flanscha, Toby Fricker, Claudia Gonzalez Lauritsen, Xiaohui Li, Li Liu, Patsy Nakell, Priscilla Romo, Chulho Hyun, Angus Ingham, Deborah Ofori-Amanfo, Ron Pouwels, Wenying Su, Toskovic Kavanagh, Me Me Khine, Catherine Matthew Whitby, Winnie Wong and Jingjie Yang Langevin-Falcon, Mischa Liatowitch, Selenge for their help with these essays. Lkhagva, Jarrod Lovett, Gbolayemi Lufadeju, Ashley, Devonnie, Emmanuella, Gary, Ivan, Jack, Najwa Mekki, Christine Mills, Matti Navellou, Jen and Yousef for participating in the Voices of Christine Nesbitt, Edita Nsubuga, Rebecca Youth blog series for this report. 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THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2017 Children in a Digital World Contents Foreword v Key messages 1 U-report poll: What do adolescents and youth think of life online? 4 Introduction: Children in a Digital World 6 Chapter 1 DIGITAL OPPORTUNITY – The promise of connectivity 12 Education and learning in a digital world 14 What do adolescents think about … how schools are preparing them for the digital age? 18 Giving children a voice in their communities 22 What do adolescents think about … using ICTs to drive social change? 26 Online my wheelchair is invisible 33 Pointing the way forward 34 Special Section: How ICTs are supporting humanitarian action 39 Chapter 2 DIGITAL DIVIDES – Missed opportunities 42 Who are the unconnected children? 45 A persistent gender gap 48 What do adolescents think about …the barriers that stop them from going online? 52 Once connected, how do you use? 55 Pointing the way forward 61 Special Section: What do connected children do online? 64 Chapter 3 DIGITAL DANGERS – The harms of life online 70 Three forms of risk: Content, contact, conduct 72 Cyberbullying: “Nobody deserves this” 74 Online child sexual abuse and exploitation 76 Which children are most vulnerable? 80 What do adolescents think about … online risks and harms 82 Preventing harm in the digital age 84 Pointing the way forward 89 Special Section: Protecting children’s privacy online 91 Chapter 4 DIGITAL CHILDHOODS – Living online 98 A new generation gap 100 What do adolescents think about … the impact of ICTs on families? 102 Being online and well-being: The evidence 105 The debate over digital dependency 111 This is your child’s brain on digital 115 What do adolescents think about … technology and health in the digital age? 116 Chapter 5 DIGITAL PRIORITIES – Harness the good, limit the harm 122 Endnotes 132 Methodologies for U-Report poll and adolescent workshops 142 Statistical tables 146 Perspectives Realizing Limitless Possibilities: Technology empowers people with disabilities, by Kartik Sawhney 36 How digital technologies herald a bright future, by Karim Sy and Laura Maclet 50 A Vision for the Future: Reflections on children’s rights in the digital age,by Pony Ma 68 Are you tattooed … yet? by Juan Enriquez 94 Look, Mum, no data! by Anab Jain 96 Hey, Alexa, should I wear the pink or the sparkly dress today? by Rachel Botsman 106 Empowering children to engage in the digital world, by Niels B. Christiansen 120 Figures 1.1 Older children are more likely to be civically engaged online 28 2.1 Youth in low-income countries are least likely to connect 46 2.2 About three out of five youth in Africa are not online 46 2.3 Children from the lowest-income countries use the internet least 47 2.4 Youth in rural areas are less likely to go online 48 2.5 Girls are less likely to go online in low-connectivity