we2zs4 A?4I IItS Public Disclosure Authorized 2 84E121World Bank Discussion Papers Desert Locust Public Disclosure Authorized NManag;ement A Time for Change Public Disclosure Authorized Steen R. Joffe Public Disclosure Authorized Recent World Bank Discussion Papers No. 227 Cities without Land Markets: Lessonsof the Failed Socialist Experiment. Alain Bertaud and Bertrand Renaud No. 228 PortfolioItnvestment in Developing Countries. Edited by Stijn Claessens and Sudarshan Gooptu No. 229 An Assessment of Vulnerable Groups in Alongolia: Strategiesfor Social Policy Planning. Caroline Harper No. 230 Raising the Productivity of Womeni Farmersin Sub-Sahara/i Africa. Katrine Saito No. 231 Agricultural Extensiotn in Africa. Aruna Bagchee No. 232 TelecommunicationsSector Reform in Asia: Toward a NewuPragmatism. Peter L. Smith and Gregory Staple No. 233 Land Reforn and Farm Restructuritigin Russia. 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Schmidt No. 250 Submission and Evaluation of Proposalsfor Private Power Generation Projectsin Developing Countries. Edited by Peter A. Cordukes No. 251 Supply and Demandfor Financeof Small Enterprises in Ghana. Ernest Aryectey, Amoah Baah-Nuakoh, Tamara Duggleby, Hemamala Hettige, and William F. Steel No. 252 Projectizing the GovernanceApproach to Civil Sewice Reform: An Institutional Environment Assessmentfor Preparinga Sectoral Adjustment Loan in the Gambia. Rogerio F. Pinto with assistance from Angelous J. Mrope No. 253 Stnall Firms Informally Financed: Studiesfrom Bangladesh. Edited by Reazul Islam, J. D. Von Pischke, and J. M. de Waard No. 254 Indicatorsfor Monitoring Poverty Reduction. Soniya Carvalho and Howard White No. 255 ViolenceAgainst Women: The Hidden Health Burden. Lori L. Heise withJacqueline Pitanguy and Adrienne Germain (Continued on the inside back cover.) 2 84 1231World~ Bank Discussion Papers Desert Locust Manag;ement A Time for Change Steen R. Joffe The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright (© 1995 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing April 1995 Discussion Papers present results of country analysis or research that are circulated to encourage discussion and comment within the development community. To present these results with the least possible delay, the typescript of this paper has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. 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The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, whenl the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Ahiblications, which contains an alphabetical tide list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'1ena, 75116 Paris, France. ISSN: 0259-21OX Steen R. Joffe is a consultant to the Agricultural Technology and Services Division of the World Bank's Agriculture and Natural Resources Department. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Joffe, Steen, 1957 - Desert locust management: a time for change / Steenjoffe. p. cm. - (World Bank discussion paper 284) Includes bibliographical references (p. ISBN 0-8213-3229-5 1. Desert locust -Control. 1. Title. 11. Series: World Bank discussion papers; 284. SB945.D44J64 1995 338. '62 -dc2() 95-13794 CIP CONTENTS FOREWORD .......................................................... v ABSTRACT ......................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................... ix CURRENT SITUATION ........................................................... 1 Locust Control Strategy ........................................................... 1 How plagues begin and end .......................................................... 1 Technical challenges to strategy .......................................................... S5 Control strategies defined ......................................................... S5 Attempting preventive control .......................................................... 9 Survey and control costs.......................................................... 11 Technology for Locust Control ......................................................... 13 Finding and forecasting locusts ......................................................... 13 Chemical control and pesticide choice .......................................................... 15 Pesticide application techniques and the dieldrin dilemma ...................................... 16 Institutions ......................................................... 17 Past as prologue ......................................................... 17 International ......................................................... 17 Regional organizations and activities ......................................................... 18 National plant protection services .......................................................... 21 Donors ......................................................... 21 ISSUES .......................................................... 25 Incomplete Rationale for Control ......................................................... 25 Limited damage estimates ......................................................... 25 Nature of impacts ......................................................... 25 Politics over analysis ......................................................... 26 Lack of Effective Strategy ......................................................... 27 Preparedness needed ......................................................... 28 Is upsurge prevention viable? ......................................................... 28 Can Desert Locust Control be Based on an IPM Strategy? ................................................... 30 How to Safeguard the Environment? ......................................................... 32 Sources of risk .......................................................... 32 Mitigating actions .......................................................... 33 Lack of