DataData ArchivesArchives andand RadioRadio SurveysSurveys Eduardo Ros Univ. València / MPI für Radioastronomie July 1st, 2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 07/01/2009 1 LayoutLayout SurveysSurveys andand RadioRadio SurveysSurveys WhatWhat isis availableavailable –– blindblind andand targetedtargeted surveyssurveys DataData ArchivesArchives HowHow dodo youyou useuse them?them? VirtualVirtual ObservatoryObservatory ExampleExample casecase Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 2 SurveysSurveys SurveySurvey (noun):(noun): 1.1. aa detaileddetailed examinationexamination oror investigation,investigation, e.g.,e.g., toto findfind outout publicpublic opinionopinion oror customercustomer preferencepreference ForFor us:us: AstronomicalAstronomical Survey:Survey: StudyStudy ofof regionsregions ofof thethe skysky usingusing telescopestelescopes forfor imagingimaging oror mappingmapping thosethose BB AstronomicalAstronomical CatalogsCatalogs Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 3 SurveysSurveys High-Energies Radio RASS NVSS Optical WENSS Palomar CLASS Digitized Sky Survey Ohio Sky Survey Sloan Digital Sky … Survey Multi-Wavelength … GOODS Infra-Red COSMOS IRAS … 2-micron All-Sky Survey Akari Survey Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 4 RadioRadio Surveys:Surveys: HistoryHistory Optical astronomers have Radio Astronomy was born their catalogs since ages in the 1930s Uranometria, Johann First images were Bayer (1603) performed by Grote Reber Star Atlas, Flamsteed Construction of the first (1725) large telescopes. First Messier Catalog (1781): surveys performed: Mnnn Cambridge (2C, 3C, 4C) Bonner Durchmusterung () Parkes Telescope New General Catalogue (PKSnnnn−nnn) (1880s): NGCnnnn NRAO 300-ft Telescope Henry Draper Catalogue (NRAOnnn) (1918-1924): HDnnnnnn Advances in sensitivity, Uppsala General Catalogue (1973), UGCnnnnn data acquisition, more specifical surveys Hipparcos Catalogue (1997) … Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 5 IngredientsIngredients ofof thethe radioradio skysky Galactic continuum radiation Pulsars Magnetic field and cosmic Neutron stars emitting rays: synchrotron coherent radiation with α = - (α = −0.55) 2±1 Interstellar medium Radio galaxies and quasars Spectral lines: Neutral H (HI) Radio galaxy lobes: at λ21 cm, ionized H (HII), synchrotron rotational and vibrational AGN cores: synchrotron, flat lines for another molecules spectrum (parts self- (O2, N2, CH4, CO2, etc.) absorbed) Supernova remnants: Cosmic microwave synchrotron background Stars Stars Thermal radiation from the Circumstellar masers (SiO, Big Bang H2O, OH) Novae Binaries and flare stars (recurrent novae, X-ray binaries): non-thermal Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 6 TheThe skysky atat 1.41.4 GHzGHz atat 4545″″ resolutionresolution Image: Condon et al. Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 7 TheThe skysky atat 1.41.4 GHzGHz atat 4545″″ resolutionresolution Image: Condon et al. Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 8 FluxFlux densitydensity versusversus luminosityluminosity ofof radioradio sourcessources Stars AGN Evolution 10× in luminosity → few nearby sources, <z> ~ 1 (cosmic downsizing) “shell” → L ∝ S AGNs at high L, S Stars Star-forming galaxies at low L, S AGN Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 9 LowLow Luminosity:Luminosity: StarStar--formingforming GalaxiesGalaxies synchrotron dust free-free Condon et al. M 82 spectrum FIR/Radio Correlation for Starburst Galaxies Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 10 ClassesClasses ofof RadioRadio SurveysSurveys BlindBlind Surveys:Surveys: (parts(parts of)of) allall--skysky surveyssurveys likelike NVSS,NVSS, WENSS,WENSS, etc.etc. TargetedTargeted surveys:surveys: deepdeep surveyssurveys (ATLAS,(ATLAS, CDF)CDF) imagingimaging ofof celestialcelestial faunafauna (HI)(HI) mostmost VLBIVLBI surveyssurveys (CJF,(CJF, 2cmS/MOJAVE,2cmS/MOJAVE, TANAMI)TANAMI) Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 11 VLA ToysToys WSRT VLBA Effelsberg MERLIN GMRT MOST Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 12 BlindBlind SurveysSurveys CoveringCovering almostalmost thethe entireentire skysky belowbelow 1.41.4 GHzGHz TypicalTypical resolutionresolution ofof 5050″″ RootRoot--meanmean--squaresquare noisenoise ofof thethe orderorder ofof mJymJy ProvideProvide postpost stampsstamps (JPG/FITS(JPG/FITS files)files) Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 13 BonnBonn 408408 MHzMHz SurveySurvey Haslam et al. 1974; Jodrell Bank 250-ft + Effelsberg 100-m + Parkes 64-m “Classical” picture http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/survey.html Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 14 TheThe newernewer CambridgeCambridge SurveysSurveys CLFST 6C/7C CLFST 8C Ryle Telescope (15 GHz) 6C 151 MHz 0.3 Jy 4.2′ ×4.2′ cosec δ 2.8 Sr Hales et al. 1993 7C 151 MHz 0.15 Jy 70″ × 70″ cosec δ 4 Sr Visser et al. 1996 8C 38 MHz 1 Jy 4.5′ ×4.5′ cosec δ 0.8 Sr Rees 1990 9C 15 GHz 0.01 Jy 0.15 Waldram et al. Sr 2003 Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 15 MainMain BlindBlind SurveysSurveys ofof thethe NearbyNearby UniverseUniverse NVSS 1.4 GHz 2.5 mJy 10.3 Sr Condon et al. 1998 FIRST 1.4 GHz 1 mJy 2.6 Sr Becker et al. 1995 SUMSS 843 MHz 5 mJy 6 Sr Bock et al. 1999 WENSS 330 MHz 18 mJy 3.1 Sr Rengelink et al. 1997 WISH 352 MHz 18 mJy 1.6 Sr De Breuck et al. 2002 VLSS 74 MHz 500 mJy 9.4 Sr Cohen et al. 2006 Low redshift surveys For distant sources, new instruments are needed to get the whole sky population (EV(EVLA,LA, SKA) Low freq. observations are biased towards Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 16 NVSSNVSS NRAONRAO VLAVLA SkySky SurveySurvey EntireEntire skysky northnorth ofof −−4040°°,, atat 4545″″ resolutionresolution andand 2.52.5 mJy/beammJy/beam limit.limit. es (NVSS contour, DSS grey) 23262326 44°° ×× 44°° continuumcontinuum cubescubes (Stokes(Stokes I,I, Q,Q, V)V) andand 1.81.8 MioMio discretediscrete sourcessources MostMost usedused andand completecomplete skysky survey survey Example of postage-stamp imag Condon et al. 1998 http://www.cv.nrao.edu/nvss/postage.shtml Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 17 FIRSTFIRST Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm HighHigh resolutionresolution (5(5″″)) ofof thethe northnorth GalacticGalactic capcap atat 14001400 MHz,MHz, aboveabove 11 mJy/beammJy/beam 816000816000 sourcessources ExtensionExtension toto SouthSouth http://http://sundog.stsci.edu/top.htmlsundog.stsci.edu/top.html Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 18 FIRSTFIRST SkySky CoverageCoverage Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 19 VLSSVLSS VLAVLA LowLow--FrequencyFrequency SkySky SurveySurvey 3° FormerlyFormerly knownknown asas 4MASS4MASS 7474 MHzMHz ((λλ4m),4m), 8080″″ resolution,resolution, 0.10.1 JyJy/beam/beam noisenoise 7000070000 sourcessources SpecialSpecial analysisanalysis neededneeded duedue toto ionosphere;ionosphere; sidelobesidelobe confusionconfusion http://http://lwa.nrl.navy.millwa.nrl.navy.mil/VLSS//VLSS/ Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 20 VLSSVLSS SampleSample ImagesImages Cohen et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 1245-1262 Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 21 SUMSSSUMSS SidneySidney UniversityUniversity MolongloMolonglo SkySky SurveySurvey SouthernSouthern skysky belowbelow −−3030°° andand |b|>10|b|>10°°,, 843843 MHzMHz complemented by MGPS-2 at the galactic plane (Murphy et al. 2007, MNRAS, 382, 382) . 2003, MNRAS, 342, 1117 SimilarSimilar toto NVSSNVSS inin resolutionresolution andand sensitivitysensitivity 211000211000 sousourcesrces Coverage Updated from Mauch et al http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/sifa/Main/SUMSS Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 22 WENSSWENSS WesterborkWesterbork NorthernNorthern SkySky SurveySurvey NorthernNorthern sky,sky, δδ >> +30+30°°,, 326326 MHz,MHz, (54(54″″ ×× 5454″″ ⁄⁄ sinsin δδ)) resolution,resolution, 230000230000 sourcessources strongerstronger thanthan 1818 mJymJy ExtendedExtended toto thethe SouthSouth (WISH)(WISH) Extended sources Rengelink et al. 1997 http://www.astron.nl/wow/testcode.php?survey=1 Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 23 WISHWISH Westerbork in the Southern Hemisphere survey ExtensionExtension ofof WENSSWENSS toto thethe South,South, −−2626°° << δδ << −−99°°,, |b||b| >> 1010°°,, resolutionresolution ofof (54(54″″ ×× 5454″″// sinsin δδ),), fluxflux densitydensity limitlimit atat 1818 mJymJy http://www.astron.nl/wow/testcode.php?survey=2 Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 24 TargetedTargeted SurveysSurveys DeepDeep fieldfield surveys:surveys: commonlycommonly withwith aa multimulti--bandband approachapproach StampStamp collectioncollection (and(and moviemovie making):making): VLBIVLBI monitoringmonitoring surveys,surveys, HIHI images,images, polarisationpolarisation ExamplesExamples…… Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 25 CLASSCLASS Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey 11000 VLA snapshots at 8.4 GHz of sources with flat radio spectra (α(1.4-5) GHz > −0.5) and S > 30 mJy at 5 GHz; resolution of 0.2″ Sources checked for evidence of grav. lensing (22 were found) Extension of JVAS (1992) Follow-up observations with MERLIN and the VLBA MERLIN images of CLASS sources http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/research/gravlens/class/class.html Eduardo Ros 07/01/2009 Multiwavelength Summer School 26 CRATESCRATES FlatFlat SpectrumSpectrum RadioRadio