TM 5-315 TECHNICAL MANUAL FIREFIGHTING AND RESCUE PROCEDURES IN THEATERS OF OPERATIONS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY APRIL 1971 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgment is gratefully made to the organizations listed below for permitting us to use their copyrighted material in this manual, American National Red Cross Figures 4-81, 4-84, and 4-87. Fire Service Exten&m Department, University of Maryland Data on breathing apparatus, including figures 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8,2-9,2-10,2-11,2-12, and 2-13 ; data on carbon dioxide and combustible metal agents, including figures 2-60 and 2-6’7 ; data on couplings, including figures 2-19, 2-20, 2-21, 2-23, 2-24, 2-25, 2-26, 2-27, 2-28, 2-29, 2-30, 2-31, 2-32, 2-33, 2-34, 2-35, 2-36, 2-37, 2-38, 2-39, 2-40, 2-41, 2-42, 2-43, 2-44, 2-45, 2-46, 2-47, 2-48, and 2-49; data on hose loads, including figures 4-2, 4-3; 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-9, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-i4, 4-16, 4-17, and 4-18; the following figures on rope: 2-53, 2-54, 2-55, . and 4-26. National Fire Protection Association Reproduced by permission from the Fire Protective Handbook, 13th Edition, Copyright National Fire Protective Association, Boston, Massa- chusetts. Data from the following: Basic De&it&u and P!roperties-ignition and combustion, flammable or explosive limits, flammable (explosive range, flash point, and fire point). PrincipZes of Fire-ignition and combustion. Heat Energ Sources-chemical heat energy, heat of combustion, sponta- neous heating, heat of decomposition, heat of solution, electrical heat energy, resistance heating, induction heating, dielectric heating, heating from arcing, static electricity heating, heat generated by lightning, mechanical heat energy, friction heat, heat of compression, nuclear heat energy. Reuben E. Donnelley Corporation Reproduced by permission from The Fire Chief’s Handbook, Third Edition, 1967, New York, The Reuben H. Donnelley Corporation. Data on the chemistry and physics of combustion, simple fire triangle, tetrahedron of fire, modernizing the fire triangle, and figure 3-2. This tinual contains copyright wzaterial *TM 5-315 HEADQUARTERS TECHNICAL MANUAL - DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 20 No. 5-315 Apd 1971 FIREFIGHTING AND RESCUE PROCEDURES IN THEATERS OF OPERATIONS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION l-l-l-4 l-l-l-2 Section I. General ___---_-----___--_-----__--------__---___---____---------- 1-2-14 II. Organization __-__-__-___---___---__-__-_----_-_---_---_-__-__-____ 1-5-1-7 1-8-1-14 141-6 III. Facilities --_-----_----__---___---_----_----__-------_-_--_______-- 1-6-1-7 IV. DA forms, reports, and records _--___---__---__-_-___--___-------__ 1-15-1-17 1-7-1-12 V. Communications --__-----_---___--____--__-_-___-_-__---_--------__ 1-18-1-24 CHAPTER 2. CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT 2-1-2-3 Section I. Clothing ______________________--_____-_----_-______-------------- %l-2-3 II. Fire apparatus _________________-______-_------__-___------------- 2-4, 2-5 2-3, 2-4 III. Tools, appliances, and knots __-__-_____-_--_--___---_-___----------- 2-6-2-16 2-8-2-27 IV. Fire extinguishers __________-----_--_------___-_-____-_---------- 2-17-2-28 %28-2-34 3-1-3-6 3-1-3-5 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERISTICS, CHEMISTR,Y, AND PHYSICS OF FIRE ---- 4. TACTICS AND TECHNIQUES OF FIREFIGHTING Section I. Fire control _________________-_--_______--_---------______-------- 4-14-3 4-14-2 II. Fire department hydraulics -------__--_------__-__-____--_--------- 4-44-17 4-248 III. Hose, ladder, and pumper drills __--_____-_--_-----_____--__--------- 4-18-4-36 4-f!-4-39 IV. Action on arrival, sizeup, and forcible entry ---___-__-___--_---------- 4-374-39 4-39447 V. Ventilation and salvage ____--_--_______--_--_--_------____-__----- 4-46-446 4-474-65 VI. Rescue operations _______________-_____--------____-_----__-_______ 4-47-4-53 4-554-60 VII. First aid -_____------------------__-__--_--_------_--------_____-- 4-544-68 4-66-4-74 VIII. Control, extinguishment, and overhaul ______-____--____-------_______ 4-69-4-72 4-744-76 IX. Investigation and return to service ___________-__-____--__----_--___- 4-73479 4-77-4-81 CHAPTER 5. AIRCRAFT FIREFIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE Section I. Introduction ___----_----_--------__-_________________-_--_-------- 5-1-54 5-1-5-2 II. Aircraft fire hazards ____----__--__-____________________-__-------- 5-5-5-17 5-2-5-14 III. Emergency procedures ------_----------------__------__---__.---__.-_ 5-18-5-26 5-14-5-78 CHAPTER 6. NUCLEAR WEAPON FIREFIGHTING PROCEDURE Section I. Introduction ______-__-___--------_________________________________ 6-1-6-1 6-1 II. Responsibilities and safety factors -_________________________________ 6-3-6-13 6-1-6-3 III. General firefighting guidelines _____-_--_--____________-______------_ 6-14-6-16 646-5 IV. Fires involving nuclear weapons ---_________________________________ 6-17-6-23 6-5-6-8 CHAPTER 7. MDXELLANEOUS FIRES -__-_-_________________________________ 7-1-7-11 7-1-7-11 8. FIRE PREVENTION ______-__---_________________________ 8-1-8-19 8-1-8-8 A~~xr~mx A. REFERENCES -_-___-__--____-__-_-_________-_____-__________---_____--_______----_____- A-l B. ARMY AIRCRAFT DESIGNATIONS AND FUELS _--_-____--------_____-___-______-----__ B-l INDEX _______________---_____-_------ _____----_-----______-_________--_________________-_______----__ Index-l u l This manual supersados TM 5-315, 18 August 1965. i CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Section I, GENERAL l-l. Purpose and Scope Since this reaction can occur under many condi- tions and circumstances, the fireflghter must know a. This manual is a guide and basic reference for firefighting teams and other personnel en- the characteristics of fuels and other materials. He gains knowledge through an understanding of gaged in fire prevention, firefighting, and rescue procedures at military establishments in theaters the chemistry of fire. of operations. It covers the policies and proce- b. Physics. Physics involves the principles of dures, equipment, characteristics and chemistry mechanics, electricity, heat, light, and sound. The of fire, tactics and techniques of firefighting, first firefighter needs mechanical knowledge to enable aid, rescue, and fire prevention. It is concerned him to operate the fire trucks and associated primarily with structural, aircraft, petroleum and equipment, and to maintain them so they will al- unclear weapon fires, but also discusses explosive, ways be ready for use. Electricity is a common motor-vehicle, and natural cover fires. source of fire. In addition, there is a danger of b. The material contained herein is applicable electrocution, especially in the presence of water, to both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare and water is the common extinguishing agent. Heat is a major consideration in the spread of fire 1-2. Changes and in the physical limitations of personnel. Light is necessary to combat fires at night or in inclosed Users of this manual are encouraged to submit or smoke-filled compartments. Sound (the basis of recommended changes or commets to improve the alarm systems) is the foundation of fast and manual. Comments should be keyed to the specific efficient response to emergencies. page, paragraph, and line of the text in which the c. Mathemutics. The firefighter must know the change is recommended. Reasons should be pro- mathematical formulas used to determine the vided for each comment to insure understanding proper volume and force of extinguishing agents and complete evaluation. Comments should be for- needed. His knowledge of fire department hy- warded directly to Office Chief of Engineers, draulics enables the engineer, or pump operator, ATTN : ENlGMC-FF, Washington, D.C., 20314. to arrive at the correct nozzle pressure. An error here may cause injuries, extensive water damage, 1-3. What the Fire Protection Specialist or unnecessary fire losses. Too much water pres- Must Know sure at the nozzle has been known to throw fire- Progress in fire protection within the Army has men from ladders or out of windows. Wild hose increased greatly in the last few years. This prog- lines can seriously injure or kill people who are ress was brought about by the development of struck by the heavy nozzle or hose couplings. new techniques and more efficient equipment. But d. Construction. A basic knowledge of building offsetting this progress, to some extent at least, is construction is essential for proper forcible entry, th turnover of military personnel. This turnover rescue, ventilation, or extinguishment, Buildings is a serious drawback to efficiency, but broad that look identical on the outside may collapse or training programs, which include the study of burn with great variations of time because of dif- chemistry, physics, mathematics, and building ferences in internal design and type of construc- construction, now make the firefighter’s training a tion. Men who make fire inspections should continuing process. become familiar with the construction of each a. Chem&t?+y. The creation and spread of fire is building so that in case of fire they will know the a chemical reaction involving flammable vapors. approximate length of time the building is safe to l-l TM 5-315 enter and the time at which it must be evacuated and procedures of the fire protection organization before it collapses. of the Army, and the forms used. The policies and forms are described in detail in many Armypubli- cations.