Texas A&M University School of Law Texas A&M Law Scholarship Faculty Scholarship 1-1999 Parallel Litigation James P. George Texas A&M University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation James P. George, Parallel Litigation, 51 Baylor L. Rev. 769 (1999). Available at: https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/427 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Texas A&M Law Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Texas A&M Law Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PARALLEL LITIGATION' James P. George- TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PARALLEL LAWSUITS--AN OVERVIEW ............................................... 773 A. ParallelLitigation Defined and Distinguished............................ 773 B. The Milieu--FourDistinct Settings for ParallelLitigation .......... 776 C. The Remedies: Five Responses to ParallelLitigation ................. 777 1. Do Nothing ............................................................................. 777 2. Transfer and Consolidation .................................................... 777 3. Dismissals and Stays (and Abatements) ............................... 778 4. Antisuit Injunctions ................................................................ 780 D. The Common Doctrines: Six Themes in ParallelLitigation ....... 782 1. The First-Filed Case ............................................................... 782 2. In Rem Cases .......................................................................... 782 3. Declaratory Actions ............................................................... 782 4. Degree of Similarity ................................................................ 783 5. Discretionary Standard ........................................................... 783 6. C om ity .................................................................................... 783 E. The Slow Development of Precedent and FederalCourt P rom inence................................................................................... 784 F. Unitary Discussions...................................................................... 785 *G. Terminology.................................................................................. 785 II. INTRAJURISDICTIONAL LITIGATION ................................................... 785 A. Intra-FederalParallel Litigation ................................................. 785 1. Who filed first? .......................................... ............................ 788 2. In rem cases ............................................................................ 788 3. Statutory Preemption ............................................................ 788 4. Which court decides? .................................... ......................... 789 B. Transfer and Consolidation.......................................................... 789 1. Consolidation Within the Same Division .............................. 789 2. Move to Another Division Within the District ...................... 789 3. Move to Another Division or District to Correct Venue ....... 790 4. Transfers Based on Forum Selection Agreement .................. 791 *The author is grateful to Professors Anna Teller and Susan Phillips, and law librarian Wendy Law, for significant help in researching and rewriting this article, and to attorneys Brian Stagner, Lu Pham, Albon Head, and Jeff Bragalone for valuable editorial suggestions. -Professor of Law, Texas Wesleyan University School of Law. 770 BA YLOR LA WREVIEW [Vol. 51:4 5. Inconvenient Forum Transfers ............................................... 792 6. Multidistrict Transfer of Multiple Cases for Consolidated Pretrial Proceedings .............................................................. 795 C. Dismissal ...................................................................................... 796 1. Voluntary Dismissals and The "Two Dismissal Rule" ......... 796 2. Involuntary Dismissals ........................................................... 797 D. Stays in Favor of Other FederalCourt Litigation........................ 799 1. The Landis Case ..................................................................... 799 2. Various Tests in the Circuits .................................................. 801 3. Stay of Derivative Suits ......................................................... 807 .4. Enjoining Other Federal Litigation ........................................ 808 III. INTRASTATE PARALLEL LITIGATION ................................................... 813 A. Consolidationand Transfers In Texas ......................................... 813 1. Consolidation W ithin One Court ........................................... 813 2. Transfers within a Judicial District ........................................ 813 3. Transfers Between Different Judicial Districts in the Same State ........................................................................................ 8 14 a. Improper Venue .............................................................. 814 b. Impartiality..................................................................... 814 c. Consent ...........................................................................814 d. Inconvenient Forum........................................................ 815 e. Multidistrict Transfer ..................................................... 815 B. Stays, Dismissals and Injunctions: Texas and Other States..... 816 1. General Principles .................................................................. 816 2. Statutory Dismissal ................................................................ 819 IV. INTERSTATE PARALLEL LITIGATION ................................................... 820 A. "Transfers" to a Sister State ........................................................ 820 B. Dismissing or Staying the Local Action ....................................... 821 1. Dismissal Under the First-Filed Rule .................................... 822 2. Dismissal of the Second-Filed Declaratory Action ............... 825 3. Dismissals Based on Forum Selection Agreements ............... 826 4. Interstate Forum Non Conveniens ......................................... 832 5. Staying the Local Action ........................................................ 837 C. Antisuit Injunctions Against Sister State Litigation ..................... 840 1. General Principles in Texas ................................................... 841 2. Other States ............................................................................ 848 3. Refusal to Recognize Another State's Injunction .................. 849 V. FEDERAL COURTS AND PENDING STATE LITIGATION ......................... 849 A. Transferringthe FederalCase to State Court............. 850 B. Dismissingthe FederalAction Based on a Forum Selection Agreement ..................................................................................... 851 1999] PARALLEL LITIGATION C. Stays and Dismissals Based on the Abstention Doctrines............ 854 1. Colorado River Abstention: Economy, Convenience and "Wise Judicial Administration" ........................855 a. Moses Cone and Wilton Refine the Test .........................860 b. Other Federal Tests for State-FederalParallels ........... 863 2. Dismissals or Stays Based on Federalism-The Other Abstention Doctrines ..............................................................864 a. Pullman Abstention-- Unclear State Law with ConstitutionalImplications ............................................ 864 b. Burford Abstention--Avoiding Conflict With Complex State Regulatory Systems ................................................870 c. Thibodaux Abstention: Difficult Questions of State L a w .................................................................................872 3. Abstention Procedure: Reserving Rights to a Federal F orum .....................................................................................874 D . Enjoining the State Action ............................................................875 1. The Younger/Pennzoil Doctrine and Equitable Abstention... 876 a. The Younger and Pennzoil Cases ...................................876 b. Younger's Application in Civil Cases............................. 879 c. Perfecting a Younger Objection .....................................881 2. Statutory Abstention: The Anti-Injunction Act .....................881 a. "Expressly Authorized" Injunctions............................... 882 b. Injunctions "In Aid of Its Jurisdiction". ........................ 885 c. Injunctions to Prevent Relitigation... * ...... 888 E. Summary of Limits on FederalCourts Enjoining State Court L itiga tion ......................................................................................896 VI. STATE COURTS AND PENDING FEDERAL LITIGATION .........................897 A. "Transfers "from State to FederalCourt: FederalRemoval .....897 B. Dismissing or Staying the State Case........................................... 898 1. Forum Selection Clauses ........................................................898 2. O ther Grounds........................................................................ 898 3. Enjoining the Federal Litigation ............................................901 VII. FEDERAL COURTS AND FOREIGN LITIGATION ....................................904 A. Dismissingor Staying