coming up in Dædalus: Dædalus on being human Ian Hacking, K. Anthony Appiah, Harriet Ritvo, Robert B. Pippin, Dædalus Michael S. Gazzaniga, Steven Rose & Hilary Rose, Geoffrey Galt Harpham, and others Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences the global Steven Miller & Scott Sagan, Richard Lester & Robert Rosner, Paul Spring 2009 nuclear future Joskow & John E. Parsons, Harold Feiveson, John Rowe, Matthew Bunn, George Perkovich, Richard Meserve, Thomas Isaacs & Charles McCombie, William Potter, Atsuyuki Suzuki, Paul Doty, Thomas Spring 2009: emerging voices Schelling, Anne Lauvergeon, Lawrence Scheinman & Marvin Miller, emerging Foreword 5 Sam Nunn, José Goldemberg, Sverre Lodgaard, Siegfried Hecker, voices Mohamed Shaker, Jayantha Dhanapala, Abbas Maleki, and others David Greenberg The presidential debates as political ritual 6 Hsuan L. Hsu the future of news Loren Ghiglione, Jill Abramson, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Jack Fuller, & Martha Lincoln Health media & global inequalities 20 Donald Kennedy, Brant Houston, Robert Giles, Michael Schudson, Adrian Holovaty, Susan King, Herbert J. Gans, Jane B. Singer, and Sarah Song What does it mean to be an American? 31 others Jennifer Ratner-Rosenhagen Anti-intellectualism as romantic discourse 41 Ajay K. Mehrotra The intellectual foundations of the modern American ½scal state 53 John Jacob Kaag Pragmatism & the lessons of experience 63 Christopher Klemek The rise & fall of New Left urbanism 73 Jason Puskar Risking Ralph Ellison 83 Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh Reconciling American archaeology & Native America 94 Sharon K. Weiner Competing organizational interests & Soviet wmd expertise 105 Paul K. MacDonald Rebalancing American foreign policy 115 Crystal N. Feimster The threat of sexual violence during the American Civil War 126 poetry Arda Collins From Speaking In The Fall 135 Matthew Dickman Divinity 136 Dawn Lundy Martin excerpts from Discipline 138 Meghan O’Rourke Ophelia To The Court 140 Matthew Zapruder The New Lustration 141 Cherishing Knowledge, Shaping the Future U.S. $13; www.amacad.org Building for the Twenty-First Century Inside front cover: A U.S. naturalization ceremony in Miami, Florida, on April 28, 2006. See Sarah Song on What does it mean to be an American? pages 31–40. Photograph © Carlos Barria/Corbis. Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications Micah J. Buis, Assistant Editor Board of advisers Steven Marcus, Editor of the Academy Rosanna Warren, Poetry Adviser Committee on Publications Jerome Kagan, Chair, Jesse H. Choper, Denis Donoghue, Linda Greenhouse, Jerrold Meinwald; ex of½cio: Emilio Bizzi, Leslie Berlowitz Dædalus is designed by Alvin Eisenman. Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Design for the hedge maze is by Johan Vredeman de Vries, from Hortorum viridariorumque elegantes et multiplicis artis normam affabre delineatae (Cologne, 1615). Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scientist, and unriddler of riddles. Its emblem, a maze seen from above, symbolizes the aspiration of its founders to “lift each of us above his cell in the labyrinth of learning in order that he may see the entire structure as if from above, where each separate part loses its comfortable separateness.” The American Academy of Arts & Sciences, like its journal, brings together distinguished individuals from every ½eld of human endeavor. It was chartered in 1780 as a forum “to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people.” Now in its third century, the Academy, with its more than four thousand elected members, continues to provide intellectual leadership to meet the critical challenges facing our world. Dædalus Spring 2009 Subscription rates: Electronic only for non- Issued as Volume 138, Number 2 member individuals–$41; institutions–$108. Canadians add 5% gst. Print and electronic © 2009 by the American Academy for nonmember individuals–$46; institu- of Arts & Sciences tions–$120. Canadians add 5% gst. Outside Torchlight parades for the television age: the United States and Canada add $23 for the presidential debates as political ritual postage and handling. Prices subject to change © 2009 by David Greenberg without notice. The intellectual foundations of the modern American ½scal state Institutional subscriptions are on a volume- © 2009 by Ajay K. Mehrotra year basis. All other subscriptions begin with The rise & fall of New Left urbanism the next available issue. © 2009 by Christopher Klemek Single issues: current issues–$13; back issues From Speaking In The Fall for individuals–$16; back issues for institu- © 2009 by Arda Collins tions–$32. Outside the United States and Divinity Canada add $5 per issue for postage and han- © 2009 by Matthew Dickman dling. Prices subject to change without notice. Excerpts from Discipline © 2009 by Dawn Lundy Martin Newsstand distribution by Ingram Periodicals Ophelia To The Court Inc., 18 Ingram Blvd., La Vergne tn 37086, and © 2009 by Meghan O’Rourke Source Interlink Distribution, 27500 Riverview The New Lustration Center Blvd., Bonita Springs fl 34134. © 2009 by Matthew Zapruder Claims for missing issues will be honored free Editorial of½ces: Dædalus, Norton’s Woods, of charge if made within three months of the 136 Irving Street, Cambridge ma 02138. publication date of the issue. Claims may be Phone: 617 491 2600. Fax: 617 576 5088. submitted to [email protected]. Mem- Email: [email protected]. bers of the American Academy please direct all questions and claims to [email protected]. 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Printed in the United States of America by Fax: 617 258 5028. Email: journals-rights@ Cadmus Professional Communications, mit.edu. Science Press Division, 300 West Chestnut Street, Ephrata pa 17522. The typeface is Cycles, designed by Sumner Stone at the Stone Type Foundry of Guinda Postmaster: Send address changes to Dædalus, ca. Each size of Cycles has been sep arately 238 Main Street, Suite 500, Cambridge ma designed in the tradition of metal types. 02142. Periodicals postage paid at Boston ma and at additional mailing of½ces. Foreword Long committed to supporting intel- ones (“Rebalancing American Foreign lectual life in the nation, the American Policy”); vast concerns (“What Does It Academy of Arts and Sciences at the be- Mean to Be an American?”) and careful- ginning of the new century decided to ly limited ones (“The Rise and Fall of focus new effort on fostering the intel- New Left Urbanism”). Their work de- lectual development of the next genera- rives from several academic disciplines, tion of scholars. Accordingly, in 2002 the including anthropology, philosophy, po- Visiting Scholars Program began, result- litical science, and various forms of his- ing from the efforts of Chief Executive tory. Perhaps the most appealing aspect Of½cer Leslie Berlowitz. At the begin- of their contributions is the consistently ning, the chancellors or presidents of high level of engagement they demon- nine universities and colleges supported strate. the enterprise; that number has now One index of the scholars’ engage- grown to ½fty-two. Administrators of ment is the ambition of their enterpris- these institutions realize, as do con- es. Whether they deal with policy ques- cerned scholars at the Academy, the tions or with more purely academic con- paucity of available resources to sustain cerns, they take a large view of their the research of those holding new PhDs, subjects, pondering the implications of who suffer either from academic unem- what they’re doing. They write respon- ployment or from demanding non-ten- sibly, supporting their arguments with ured assistant professorships. Several solid information. The essays remind foundations have also provided generous us of what academic rigor can bring to assistance. The accomplishments of the matters of social policy; they illustrate ½rst seven classes of Scholars since their the value of historical perspective on fellowships suggest how valuable their current issues; at their best, they sug- year at the Academy was to them. They gest the sheer excitement of thought. have published numerous books, and all They dramatize the promise of a new of them have achieved appropriate aca- academic generation. demic or research appointments. This issue of Dædalus also recogniz- The present issue of Dædalus intro- es ½ve emerging poets of exceptional duces the work of early-career scholars promise and distinguished achievement. to a wider audience. Their essays sug- All are recipients of the American Acad- gest the broad range of interests among emy of Arts and Sciences’s Poetry Prize, their generation.