WHO DRUG INFORMATION VOLUME 9 • NUMBER 4 • 1995 PROPOSED INN LIST 74 INTERNATIONAL NONPROPRIETARY N A M E S F O R P H A R M A C E U T I C A L SUBSTANCES WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION • GENEVA WHO DRUG INFORMATION WHO Drug Information provides an overview of topics relating to drug development and regulation that are of current relevance and importance, and includes the lists of proposed and recommended International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Its contents reflect, but do not present, WHO policies and activities and they embrace socioeconomic as well as technical matters. The objective is to bring issues that are of primary concern to drug regulators and pharmaceutical manufacturers to the attention of a wide audience of health professionals and policy-makers concerned with the rational use of drugs. In effect, the journal seeks to relate regulatory activity to therapeutic practice. It also aims to provide an open forum for debate. Invited contributions will portray a variety of viewpoints on matters of general policy with the aim of stimulating discussion not only in these columns but wherever relevant decisions on this subject have to be taken. WHO Drug Information is published 4 times a year and can be ordered from: Distribution and Sales, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Annual subscription: Sw. fr. 66.— Airmail rate: Sw.fr. 78.— Price per copy: Sw.fr. 22.— © World Health Organization 1995 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation, in part or in toto, application should be made to: Chief, Office of Publications, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Authors alone are responsible for views expressed in signed contributions. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. ISSN 1010-9609 Volume 9, Number 4, 1995 World Health Organization, Geneva WHO Drug Information Contents General Policy Topics Reports on Individual Drugs HIV: will effective treatment demand Acetylsalicylic acid: a protective effect against early diagnosis? 193 colorectal cancer 210 Nucleoside analogues: premonitory Update on AIDS experience in therapy of viral hepatitis 212 Amphotericin: a candidate for first-line 1. Antiretroviral drugs treatment of visceral leishmaniasis? 215 The cellular biology of HIV replication 196 Nuceloside analogues 196 The potential of combination therapy 197 General Information Other enzyme inhibitors 197 Polypharmacy, parenteral treatment, and The case for early intervention 198 blood-borne infection 217 Some ground rules for effective antiretroviral Increasing concerns about pneumococcal therapy 198 drug-resistance 217 2. Vaccines and genetic manipulation Regulatory Matters The immune response to HIV infection 201 Nifedipine: danger of short-acting formulations 220 Fundamental problems in vaccine Oral contraceptives and thromboembolism 221 development 202 Naftidrofuryl infusion withdrawn 222 Recombinant subunit vaccines: fresh doubts on feasibility 203 Attenuated vaccines: feasibility and risks 203 Essential Drugs A re-evaluation of strategy 204 WHO Model List (December 1995 revision) 223 New avenues of research 204 The potential of gene therapy 204 Proposed International Prospects for immune restitution 205 Rapid progress with nucleic acid vaccines 205 Nonproprietary Names: List 74 235 A globally-relevant option? 205 i World Health Organization, Geneva WHO Drug Information Volume 9, 1995: Index A E ACE inhibitors, (2) 62 Emergence of newly-resistant strains, (1) 2 renal failure, (1) 16 Enalapril, (1) 17 Acetylsalicylic acid, (1) 36, (2) 62 Erythromycin, (2) 75, (3) 143 colorectal cancer, (4) 210 Essential drugs, (2) 79 Acinetobacter, hospital-acquired infection, (1) 25 model list, (4) 235 AIDS update, (4) 196 Albendazole, (3) 135 Aminophylline, (2) 54 F Aminosalicylates, (3) 158 Fake drugs, (3) 127 Amphotericin, (4) 215 Fluconazole, cryptococcal meningitis, (1) 23 Antibiotic resistance, (1) 15 Antibiotics in eclipse, (1) 1 G Antibiotics, (3) 127 Gene therapy, HIV, (4) 204 Antimicrobial susceptibility tests, (3) 158 Glibenclamide, (2) 61 Antiretroviral therapy, (4) 198 Guidelines on defining the scope, (2) 77 Antistreptococcal vaccine, (1) 22 Azathioprine, (2) 68 H B Hepatitis B vaccination, (3) 146 Bacterial resistance, (1) 1 Herbal preparations, (3) 148 Bednets, malaria, (3) 151 HIV test, oral fluid, (1) 33 Bifidobacterium, (1) 14 HIV treatment, (4) 193 Budesonide, (2) 68 HIV vaccine development, (4) 202 Homoeopathy, (3) 149 C Hydroxyurea and sickle-cell disease, (1) 26 Captopril, (1) 16, (2) 63 Cefalosporins, (3) 142 I Chloraquine, (1) 39 Ibuprofen, (1) 37 Chlorpropamide, (2) 61 Indometacin, (1) 38 Ciclosporin, (2) 68 Influenza, vaccine, (3) 138 Clomifene, (3) 159 Informed consent in emergencies, (3) 154 Clozapine, (1) 34 INN lists, (2) 81, (3) 165, (4) 235 Community-acquired infections, (2) 43 Inosine pranobex, (4) 205 Contraceptives, spermicide, (3) 163 Insulin strength, (3) 163 Corticosteroids, (2) 68 Integrase inhibitors, (4) 197 Coumarin, (3) 159 Interferon alfa, (4) 205 Cyproterone acetate, (1) 30, (3) 162 Interferon gamma, (4) 205 Cysticidal drugs, (3) 135 lnterleukin-2, (4) 205 Iron chelation, beta-thalassaemia, (1) 28 D Iron-containing drugs, (3) 159 Deferiprone, (2) 57 Ivermectin, (3) 132, (3) 144 Defining the scope of the licensing procedure, (2) 77 K Dexamethasone, (3) 135 Kanamycin, (3) 142 Diabetes, non-insulin therapy, (2) 60 Didanosine, (4) 196 Diethylcarbamazine, (3) 132 L Diethylene glycol, (3) 127 Labelling, paediatric, (1) 32 Ditiocarb sodium, (4) 205 Lamivudine, (4) 196 Diuretics, (2) 70 Licence variations, (2) 73 DMPA, breast cancer, (1) 20 Licensing procedure, (2) 77 Drug resistance, (2) 44 Lymphatic filariasis, (3) 132 1 WHO Drug Information Volume 9, Index 1995 M S Macrolide antibiotics, (3) 162 Saccharomyces boulardii, (1) 15 Magnesium sulfate, (2) 63, (3) 130 Selegiline, (3) 160 Malaria, (3) 151 Silver nitrate, (3) 142 vaccine, (3) 135 Simvastatin, (3) 161 Measles vaccine, vitamin A, (3) 138 Socially-responsive development of Medical records, (3) 150 medicines, 11 (1) 1, III (2) 43 Medication errors, (3) 157 Spectinomycin, (3) 142 Mercaptopurine, (2) 68 Starting materials, pharmaceuticals, (3) 156 Metformin, (1) 30, (2) 61 Stavudine, (4) 196 Methotrexate, (1) 41, (2) 54, (2) 68 Streptokinase, (2) 62 Multidrug resistance, (1) 3 Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, (3) 161 Myocardial infarction, (2) 62 Sulfasalazine, (1) 40, (2) 68 N Naftidrofuryl infusion, (4) 222 T Naltrexone, (1) 33 Tacrolimus, (3) 161 Natural medicines, (3) 147 Tamoxifen, (2) 72 Natural remedies, (3) 155 Tetracycline 1%, (3) 142 Nifedipine, (4) 220 Thiacetazone, (2) 55 Nucleoside analogues, (4) 196, 212 Tocolytics, (3) 160 Nucleic acid vaccines, (4) 205 Traditional eye medicines, (3) 152 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, (3) 161 O Triple-drug HIV regimens, (4) 197 Oral contraceptives, breast cancer, (1) 18 Tropical disease research, (3) 164 thromboembolism, (4) 221 Orphan drugs, (2) 72 u OTC advertising, (1) 10 Update on AIDS, (4) 196 P Use of essential drugs, (2) 79 Paediatric labelling, (1) 32 Pancreatic enzyme factor, (2) 58 V Pancreatins, (1) 30 Vaccine development, HIV, (4) 203 Penicillamine, (1) 40 new horizons, (2) 47 Penicillin, AIDS, (2) 66 Vaccine, antistreptococcal, (1) 22 Penicillin, neurosyphilis, (2) 66 hepatitis B, (3) 145 Pimozide, (1) 32 influenza, (3) 138 Pneumococcal drug-resistance, (4) 217 malaria, (3) 135 Poliomyelitis vaccine, (2) 59 measles, vitamin A, (3) 139 Polypharmacy, (4) 217 poliomyelitis, (2) 59 Povidone-iodine, (3) 142 rotavirus, (1) 14 Praziquantel, (3) 135 nucleic acid, (4) 205 Prednisolone, (1) 42, (2) 68 Vigabatrin, (2) 75 Product information, (2) 79 Vitamin A, (3) 141 Protease inhibitors, (4) 197 measles vaccine, (3) 139 Q Quality assurance, (3) 128 W Quinacrine, (1) 33 Warfarin, (3) 162 Quinolones, (3) 160 WHO Model List, (4) 223 R Reporting requirements, (2) 75 Z Resistant strains, (1) 3 Zalcitabine, (4) 196 Rheumatoid arthritis, (1) 35 Zidovudine, (4) 193, 196 Rotavirus vaccine, (1) 14 2 WHO Drug Information Vol. 9, No. 4, 1995 General Policy Topics HIV: will effective treatment widespread reticence exists (8). Throughout London as few as 12% of the total number of demand early diagnosis? pregnant women known to be HIV-positive by anonymous testing are currently consenting to The estimated number of persons with AIDS in the voluntary named testing, after being counselled to world increases inexorably year by year. Many do so in antenatal clinics (9). Similar reticence cases of the underlying HIV infection are now typifies attitudes within the USA (10). transmitted heterosexually and the proportion of women among those infected is rising. The risk of It has been suggested that,