ANNEX 9 WORKSHOP ON BIOREGIONALISATION OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN (Brussels, Belgium, 13 to 17 August 2007) Executive Summary Report of the Workshop EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (This summary is not a document adopted by the Workshop participants. It has been prepared by the Co-conveners, Drs P. Penhale and S. Grant.) CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 591 WORKSHOP BACKGROUND.............................................................. 591 EXISTING CLASSIFICATIONS AND APPROACHES TO BIOREGIONALISATION ............................................................... 592 DATA........................................................................................... 592 Pelagic data ................................................................................. 592 Benthic data ................................................................................. 593 METHODS ..................................................................................... 594 Pelagic methods ............................................................................ 594 Benthic methods ............................................................................ 596 RESULTS ...................................................................................... 596 Pelagic results............................................................................... 596 Benthic results .............................................................................. 598 Ecological processes ....................................................................... 598 FUTURE WORK .............................................................................. 599 Geomorphology............................................................................. 600 Fine-scale bioregionalisation data availability ........................................... 600 Development of fact sheets ................................................................ 600 Further work on the development of a system of MPAs ................................ 601 590 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY* WORKSHOP ON BIOREGIONALISATION OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN (Brussels, Belgium, 13 to 17 August 2007) INTRODUCTION The CCAMLR Workshop on Bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean was held in Brussels, Belgium, from 13 to 17 August 2007. It was co-convened by Drs P. Penhale (USA) and S. Grant (UK). 2. The agenda was prepared based on the Workshop terms of reference as agreed by the Scientific Committee (SC-CAMLR-XXIV, paragraph 3.66) (Appendix A). The Workshop itself was organised around two subgroups considering the benthic and pelagic systems respectively. 3. The Workshop report deals with Data, Methods and Results, focusing separately on benthic and pelagic discussions within each section. It was adopted in full and constitutes advice to the Scientific Committee. This paper summarises the major Workshop outcomes and advice. WORKSHOP BACKGROUND 4. Paragraphs 7 to 14 of the Workshop Report provide a summary of its background. Particular note should be taken of the Scientific Committee’s agreement in 2006 (SC-CAMLR-XXV, paragraph 3.33) that the following components of work should be undertaken in developing a system of MPAs for the Convention Area: (i) technical development of methods for bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean (ii) consideration of methods for selection and designation of MPAs. 5. The primary aim of the Workshop was to advise on a bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean, including, where possible, advice on fine-scale subdivision of biogeographic provinces (SC-CAMLR-XXV, paragraph 3.34; Workshop Report, paragraphs 10 and 11). It essentially focused on component (i) in paragraph 4 above. 6. The importance of ongoing cooperation between CEP and CCAMLR has also been highlighted (Workshop Report, paragraphs 12 and 13) as important in the context of elaborating a ‘systematic environmental geographic framework’, environmental monitoring and identification of sensitive or vulnerable areas. 7. In planning its work, the Workshop drew on the report of an Experts Workshop on Bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean conducted in September 2006 in Hobart, Australia, * This summary is not a document adopted by the Workshop participants. It has been prepared by the Co-conveners, Drs P. Penhale and S. Grant. 591 by WWF-Australia and ACE CRC (2006 Hobart Workshop) (Grant et al., 2006). The 2006 Hobart Workshop was aimed at developing a ‘proof of concept’ for a broad-scale bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean, using remotely-sensed physical environmental data as the primary inputs. 8. The Workshop noted that the primary end-use of bioregionalisation analysis would be to assist in achieving the conservation of marine biodiversity, which can include the development of representative MPAs. 9. Bioregionalisation may also inform other end-uses, including, inter alia, ecological modelling, ecosystem monitoring, a framework for assessing risk and directing further research. Bioregionalisation outputs form one component of systematic conservation planning, which includes consideration of biodiversity patterns and processes, and the definition of conservation targets within a framework of rational use (Workshop Report, paragraph 17). 10. It was agreed that the benthic and pelagic systems should be considered separately, since current knowledge of benthic-pelagic coupling is not sufficient to allow a combined benthic-pelagic bioregionalisation to be produced at this stage (Workshop Report, paragraph 18). 11. The Workshop agreed that, ideally, the definition of appropriate scales should be data- driven, but that often this will need to be supplemented with expert advice (Workshop Report, paragraph 19). It is important that actual heterogeneity of ecosystem processes and biodiversity patterns is still represented at relevant scales. 12. Temporal scales were also seen as important. The Workshop agreed that temporal scales are different in the pelagic compared to the benthic environment, with temporal variability needing to be reflected within an appropriately sized spatial region. EXISTING CLASSIFICATIONS AND APPROACHES TO BIOREGIONALISATION 13. Several presentations described existing classification systems and approaches to bioregionalisation (Workshop Report, paragraphs 21 to 38). The Workshop agreed to endorse the outcomes of the 2006 Hobart Workshop, and to adopt its primary classification (Workshop Report, paragraph 26). DATA Pelagic data 14. Several presentations provided information on the types of data that might be used in a pelagic bioregionalisation analysis (Workshop Report, paragraphs 39 to 61). 592 15. The Workshop considered available bathymetric, physical oceanographic and biological data for the pelagic bioregionalisation. It noted that the datasets used in the 2006 Hobart Workshop were a useful starting point for any further analyses on the pelagic realm (Workshop Report, paragraph 39). 16. Key discussions (Workshop Report, paragraphs 39 to 64) were on the use of available data for a pelagic bioregionalisation, including the generation of derived datasets, the reflection of key determinants of ecosystem structure and function or specific processes related to biota of interest, and the utility of generating process layers (Workshop Report, paragraphs 157 to 164) for comparison with bioregionalisation outcomes. 17. It was noted that, for most physical datasets, some future work to consider mean state, seasonal variation and interannual variation would be desirable (Workshop Report, paragraph 44). 18. Biological datasets indicating spatial attributes of different areas were considered (Workshop Report, paragraphs 50 to 64). It was determined that some of these datasets might be most appropriately used at the regional scale. 19. The Workshop reaffirmed its understanding that productivity and factors affecting production levels should be taken into account when considering the results of data-driven bioregionalisation, and that this was best carried out by means of expert evaluation (Workshop Report, paragraph 59). 20. The Workshop noted that CPR survey data are likely to be valuable for Southern Ocean bioregionalisation, since methods are standardised across a wide geographical area (Workshop Report, paragraph 62). Other biological data considerations are outlined in the Workshop Report, paragraph 63. 21. The SCAR-MarBIN network allows users to search, display and extract taxonomy and distribution information for many Southern Ocean species. The Workshop welcomed the continuing development of SCAR-MarBIN and recognised that it is of great present and potential value to bioregionalisation (Workshop Report, paragraph 38). Benthic data 22. WS-BSO-07/10 described recent analyses of biogeographic patterns of benthic invertebrate megafauna on shelf areas of the Southern Ocean Atlantic sector. The Workshop noted that this work highlights the importance of physical features, such as bottom temperature and water mass features, in influencing patterns of benthic communities. Future work of this nature was encouraged, and it was suggested that it may be possible to use water mass features to gain insight into benthic biogeography for other regions where little data is available (Workshop Report, paragraphs 65 to 68). 23. The Workshop considered which datasets would be most useful for a benthic bioregionalisation, the robustness and quality of these datasets, and use of other datasets that could potentially be useful. The Workshop agreed that bathymetric data, sea-floor