INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Precursors and chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances 2014 EMBARGO Observe release date: Not to be published or broadcast before Tuesday, 3 March 2015, at 1200 hours (CET) UNITED NATIONS CAUTION Reports published by the International Narcotics Control Board in 2014 The Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2014 (E/INCB/2014/1) is supplemented by the following reports: Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2015—Statistics for 2013 (E/INCB/2014/2) Psychotropic Substances: Statistics for 2013—Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientific Requirements for Substances in Schedules II, III and IV of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 (E/INCB/2014/3) Precursors and Chemicals Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2014 on the Implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 (E/INCB/2014/4) The updated lists of substances under international control, comprising narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and substances frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, are contained in the latest editions of the annexes to the statistical forms (“Yellow List”, “Green List” and “Red List”), which are also issued by the Board. Contacting the International Narcotics Control Board The secretariat of the Board may be reached at the following address: Vienna International Centre Room E-1339 P.O. Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria In addition, the following may be used to contact the secretariat: Telephone: (+43-1) 26060 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5867 or 26060-5868 E-mail: [email protected] The text of the present report is also available on the website of the Board (www.incb.org). INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Precursors and chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2014 on the Implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 UNITED NATIONS New York, 2015 E/INCB/2014/4 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.15.XI.4 ISBN 978-92-1-148280-5 eISBN 978-92-1-057173-9 © United Nations: International Narcotics Control Board, January 2015. All rights reserved worldwide. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Foreword 20 December 2013 marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of the conclusion of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Much progress and many successes have occurred since then, with milestones such as the General Assembly’s twentieth special session in 1998 devoted to countering the world drug problem together, the 2009 Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem, and the preparations for the special session of the General Assembly on the world drug problem to be held in 2016. It is my pleasure to present the International Narcotics Control Board’s 2014 report on precursors, which contains the Board’s review and assessment of international precursor control, the challenges ahead and possible solutions. In terms of regular, established working procedures, international cooperation, facilitated by the Board’s communication platforms—Pre-Export Notification Online (PEN Online) for licit trade, and the Precursors Incident Communication System (PICS) for seizures and other incidents involving precursor chemicals—has continued to yield results. When suspicion was established, planned exports were stopped through successful cooperation between the authorities of exporting and importing countries; when seizures were made, proactive officials of the seizing Government immediately alerted their counterparts elsewhere to the details of the seizure, the modus operandi and other relevant information to ensure that they too would be prepared should a similar incident occur in their countries. However, new challenges have emerged, partly the result of inconsistent implementation of the provisions of the 1988 Convention at the national level and between and within regions, and partly the result of external factors such as the current economic and technological environment, which is very different from that of 25 years ago, when the 1988 Convention was negotiated. Every year, in its report on precursors, the Board has advocated the need to address solutions to the diversion of precursor chemicals at the international level; the Board has also called for the comprehensive implementation of existing tools, many of which are available to Governments at no cost. The Board’s recommendations over the years in both its annual reports and the annual reports on precursors show the numerous actions Governments can and should take to fulfil their shared responsibility. However, to make precursor control fit for the future and beyond 2019, the target date set in the Political Declaration, efforts need to go further than the mechanistic introduction and implementation of regulatory measures. First and foremost, it has to be accepted that the diversion of precursor chemicals can and does happen at all stages of the distribution chain, regardless of whether or not a country has a manufacturing industry. That is, it has to be accepted that domestic distribution is as much at risk as is international trade. Secondly, each and every Government must take this challenge seriously and accept its responsibility and role in an interconnected world. On behalf of the Board, I wish to express my sincere hope that the international community will seize the opportunity provided by the special session of the General Assembly on the world drug problem to be held in 2016 to build on iii the successes of the last 25 years and further improve the international precursor control system without introducing unnecessary regulatory burdens. The goal is achievable, but because the bar is high, it requires an honest and open discussion and the closest possible cooperation of all Governments. Lochan Naidoo President of the International Narcotics Control Board iv Preface The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 provides that the International Narcotics Control Board shall submit a report annually to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on the implementation of article 12 of the Convention and that the Commission shall periodically review the adequacy and propriety of Tables I and II of the Convention. In addition to its annual report and other technical publications (on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances), the Board has prepared its report on the implementation of article 12 of the 1988 Convention in accordance with the following provisions contained in article 23 of the Convention: 1. The Board shall prepare an annual report on its work containing an analysis of the information at its disposal and, in appropriate cases, an account of the explanations, if any, given by or required of Parties, together with any observations and recommendations which the Board desires to make. The Board may make such additional reports as it considers necessary. The reports shall be submitted to the [Economic and Social] Council through the Commission which may make such comments as it sees fit. 2. The reports of the Board shall be communicated to the Parties and subsequently published by the Secretary-General. The Parties shall permit their unrestricted distribution. v Contents Page Foreword .............................................................................. iii Preface ................................................................................ v Explanatory notes ....................................................................... xi Chapter I. Introduction ................................................................ 1 II. Making precursor control fit for 2019 and beyond (a contribution to the special session of the General Assembly in 2016) ..................................................... 1 A. From 1988 to 1998: the first 10 years and the General Assembly’s special session devoted to international efforts to fight drug abuse and drug trafficking ................... 2 B. Situation in 2009 ............................................................ 2 C. Situation in 2014 ............................................................ 4 D. Possible solutions ............................................................ 5 III. Action taken by Governments and the International Narcotics Control Board ............ 6 A. Scope of control ............................................................. 6 B. Adherence to the 1988 Convention ............................................. 7 C. Reporting to the Board pursuant to article 12of the 1988Convention .............. 7 D. Legislation and control measures........................................... 8 E. Submission of data on licit trade in, uses of and requirements for precursors ......... 9 F. Annual legitimate requirements for imports of precursors of amphetamine-type stimulants .................................................................. 9 G. Controls over international trade ..............................................