Images and Messages in the Embellishment of Metropolitan Railway Stations (1850 – 1950) Volume I: Text vorgelegt von Magistra Artium Asta Freifrau von Schröder aus Bremen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) an der Fakultät I – Geisteswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzende: Prof. Dr. Kerstin Wittmann-Englert Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Adrian von Buttlar Gutachterin: JunProf. Dr. Dorothee Brantz wissenschaftliche Aussprache: 24. Juli 2012 Berlin 2013 D 83 gefördert von der DFG im Rahmen des Transatlantischen Graduiertenkollegs Berlin|New York am Center for Metropolitan Studies der TU Berlin, 2005-2007 Table of Contents Vol. I Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Railway Economy – The Class, Gender, and the Industrial Middle Classes ...................................................................................................... 13 I Old Allegories & Class - Buying into Cultural Capital ............................ 14 I.1 From Paris Gare du Nord (“Bourla project” 1838) to Cincinnati Union Terminal (1928-33): Classical Mythology Ennobling Railway Architecture ............................................................................................... 17 I.2 New York Grand Central Terminal (1903-1913): The Glory of Commerce ................................................................................................. 18 I.2.1 Terminal City: Wilgus, Reed and Stem .................................................... 20 I.2.2 The Glory of the Vanderbilts: William K. Vanderbilt and Warren and Wetmore .................................................................................................... 22 I.2.3 The Glory of the Architect: The Example of the French École des Beaux-Arts ................................................................................................ 28 II New Allegories & Gender - Symbolic Personifications Reflecting Middle-Class Gender Notions ................................................................... 39 II.1 From Paris Gare Montparnasse (1849-1852) to Strasburg Central Station (1878-1883): New Female Personifications Substituting Mythology ....... 41 II.2 Frankfurt/Main (1879-1888): Female Personifications of the “Athena Type” Elevating Middle-Class Realities into Abstract Concepts ............. 42 II.3 Paris Gare de Lyon (1895-1902): Female Personifications of the “Natura Type” Eroticizing the New Technologies ................................... 47 III Hybrids and Alternative Forms of Allegory ............................................. 50 Asta von Schröder i Table of Contents Vol. I III.1 Limoges-Bénédictins (1924-29): Combining Old and New Allegories to Advertise Regional Industries ............................................................... 50 III.2 Amsterdam Centraal Station (1882-1889): The Origins of Dutch Prosperity Depicted in Scenic Allegories .................................................. 55 III.3 Washington Union Station (1901-1907): The Progress of Railroading Embodied by Metonymic Personages ....................................................... 58 IV Employing Allegories as Codified System to Achieve Representative Goals and Social Acceptance .................................................................... 66 Chapter 2 Railway Technology ................................................................................ 70 I The Railway – a Force of Industrialization ............................................... 70 I.1 Königsberg (1853): Hope for Prosperity ................................................... 71 I.2 Cincinnati Union Station (1929-33): The Image of Industry. Race, Class and Gender in Winold Reiss’s “Worker Murals” .................. 75 I.2.1 Sponsored Artwork as a Kind of Advertisement? ..................................... 79 I.2.2 A Picture of Reality? The “Authenticity Effect” in the Worker Murals and Visual Construction Along the Categories of Race, Class and Gender ....................................................................................................... 80 II The Railway – a Force of Globalization ................................................... 98 II.1 Munich Central Station (1858-1860): The Railway Demolishing Custom Barriers ....................................................................................... 100 II.2 Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof (1880): Allegory of Global Traffic ................. 101 II.3 Frankfurt/Main (1888): Atlas supported by Steam and Electricity ......... 102 II.4 Philadelphia Broad Street (1895): The Progress of Transportation ........ 104 II.5 Amsterdam Amstel Station (1938-1939): The History and the Importance of the Railway ...................................................................... 108 Asta von Schröder ii Table of Contents Vol. I III The Railwyay – Technological Collaboration Allows for Economical Growth and Political Cooperation ........................................................... 118 Chapter 3 Railway Networks ................................................................................. 119 I The Railway Station Within the City ...................................................... 121 I.1 Cincinnati Union Terminal (1931-33): An Integral Part of Urban Infrastructure ........................................................................................... 122 I.2 Milan, Stazione Centrale (1913-31): The Center of National Unification ............................................................................................... 123 I.3 Luneburg East Station (1874/1939): A Regional Center Propelled by Urban Nostalgia ....................................................................................... 125 II Regional and National Networks ............................................................ 127 II.1 From London Euston Station (1848) to Cincinnati Union Terminal (1931-33): City Crests, Maps, and Personifications ............................... 127 II.1.1 Gare de l’Est (1847-52): Two Waterways Connected by Railway ......... 128 II.1.2 Anhalter Bahnhof (1880): Personifications of Places as Patrons ............ 130 II.1.3 Milan Stazione Centrale (1913-31): Tourist Maps and Politicized Cityscapes ................................................................................................ 132 II.1.4 Gare de l’Est (1924-1931): A Station Extension as War Memorial ....... 135 II.1.5 Cincinnati Union Terminal (1931-33): Two Hemispheres and Four Time-Zones ............................................................................................. 139 II.2 Paris Gare de Lyon (1900-1981): A Century of Changes in Marketing Urban Tourism in the P. L. M.’s Network .............................................. 140 II.2.1 1900 The Mediterranean Destinations: Urban Tourism in the 19th century ............................................................................................. 142 Asta von Schröder iii Table of Contents Vol. I II.2.2 1920s-1930s The First Extension: Lyon, Avignon, Nîmes Displaying their Longstanding Cultural Heritage ...................................................... 146 II.2.3 1979-1981 The Second Extension: Paris, Fontainebleau, Auxerre, Vézelay, Semur(-en-Auxois), Dijon, Beaune, Autun, Tournus, Cluny, Paray-le-Monial as Urban Sights ............................................................ 148 II.2.4 Landscape and City View, Metropolis and Countryside ......................... 149 II.2.5 Advertising the P. L. M.: From a Scenic Route to a Network of Tourist Destinations ............................................................................................. 152 II.2.6 The Panoramic Perception: Immersion and Separation .......................... 153 III International and Transnational Railway Networks ................................ 159 III.1 Amsterdam (1882-1889): A Mercantile Network ................................... 159 III.2 London Blackfriars Station (1886): A Tourist Network ......................... 161 III.3 Paris Gare du Nord (1861-65): A Political Network ............................... 162 IV Railway Stations Positioning Themselves Firmly Within the Networks ................................................................................................. 165 Chapter 4 Wanderlust Travelers, Tourists, and Their Destinations ............... 166 I Travelers and Tourists ............................................................................. 166 I.1 Amsterdam Centraal Station (1882-1889): The Aristocratic Grand Tour as Archetype of Middle-Class Traveling................................................. 167 I.2 Frankfurt/Main Hauptbahnhof (1879-1888): The Bildungsreise, and the Honeymoon of the Middle-Classes as a Gendered Form of the Grand Tour .............................................................................................. 173 I.3 Amsterdam Muiderpoort Station (1938): Migrating Geese as an Analogy for Modern Mass Tourism ........................................................ 179 II Landscapes and Destinations .................................................................. 181 Asta von Schröder iv Table of Contents Vol. I II.1 London Euston Station (1848): Landscapes as a Teaching Device ........ 183 II.2 Basel SBB (1920s): Natural Sights and Pre-Industrial Nostalgia as Advertisement for Tourist Associations .................................................. 184 II.3