POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS TO CULTURAL VALUED COMPONENTS a PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS TO CULTURAL VALUED COMPONENTS “We’re Completely Surrounded”: Preliminary Report on the Potential Adverse Impacts to Cultural Valued Components from the the Aitken Section of the Proposed North Montney Pipeline Project Report Prepared By West Moberly First Nations P.O. Box 90, Moberly Lake, BC V0C 1X0 September 2014 i WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table 1: Anthropogenic Activities in the TLUS spatial units Table 2: Traditional land uses in the Farrell Creek Cultural Network and the PMT Cultural Network ii SEPTEMBER 2014 POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS TO CULTURAL VALUED COMPONENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES xvii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Context 1 1.2 Purpose and Scope 1 1.3 Structure of the Report 1 2.0 ASSESSMENT APPROACH AND METHOD 2 2.1 Introduction 2 2.2 Research Design and Methods 2 2.2.1 Qualitative Methods 2 2.2.1.1 Secondary Data 2 2.2.1.2 Primary Data 2 2.2.2 Quantitative Methods 3 2.2.2.1 Spatial Annotations of Traditional Land Use Data 3 2.2.2.2 Spatial Data 4 2.3 Effects Assessment 4 2.3.1 Valued Components 4 2.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries 5 2.3.2.1 Spatial Boundaries 5 2.3.2.2 Temporary Boundaries 5 2.3.3 Pathway Analysis 6 2.3.4 Conflict Analysis 6 2.3.5 Determination of Significance 8 2.4 Ethics, Verification, and Constraints 9 2.4.1 Research Ethics 9 2.4.2 Verification Process 10 2.4.3 Data and Analysis Constraints 11 iii WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS 3.0 PROPOSED NOrth MONTNEY PIPELINE PROJECT 12 3.1 Introduction 12 3.2 Background 12 3.3 Development Stages 13 3.3.1 Description of the Construction Stage 13 3.3.2 Description of the Operation Stage 16 3.4 Potential Alternative Routes 16 3.4.1 Alternative No. 1: Chetwynd Route 17 3.4.2 Alternative No. 2: Cypress Option 17 3.4.3 Alternative No. 3: East Option 17 3.4.4 Alternative No. 4: Taylor Route 18 4.0 BaseLINE CONDITIONS 19 4.1 Introduction 19 4.2 Treaty No. 8 19 4.2.1 In the Spirit of Peace and Friendship 19 4.2.2 Lesser Slave Lake, 1899 23 4.2.3 Report of the Commissioners 30 4.2.4 Text of the Treaty 32 4.2.5 Adhesions of the 1900s 35 4.2.6 Hudson’s Hope Adhesion/Admittance 37 4.2.7 Earliest Documented Elder Accounts of the Negotiations 42 4.3 Observations of Early Europeans in Dunne-za hananè 45 4.4 Traditional Seasonal Round 53 5.0 CURRENT CONDITIONS 62 5.1 Introduction 62 5.2 Early Concerns about Changes to the Seasonal Round 62 5.3 Overview Spatial Data 63 5.3.1 Farrell Creek Cultural Network 63 5.3.1.1 Hunting Values 64 5.3.1.2 Fishing Values 65 iv SEPTEMBER 2014 POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS TO CULTURAL VALUED COMPONENTS 5.3.1.3 Trapping Values 66 5.3.1.4 Gathering Values 66 5.3.1.5 Additional Cultural Values 67 5.3.2 Peace-Moberly Track Cultural Network 68 5.3.2.1 Hunting Values 68 5.3.2.2 Fishing Values 70 5.3.2.3 Trapping Values 71 5.3.2.4 Gathering Values 71 5.3.2.5 Additional Cultural Values 73 5.4 Hunting Practices 74 5.4.1 Life on the Land 75 5.4.2 Cultural Selectiveness 80 5.4.3 Cultural Networks and Rotations 82 5.4.4 First Kill, Community Hunter, and Distribution of Resources 85 5.4.5 Non-Aboriginal Land Use and Hunting Practices 87 5.4.6 Loss and Decrease in Species Distribution and Population 91 5.4.7 Industrial Land Uses 94 5.5 Fishing Practices 97 5.5.1 Non-aboriginal Land Uses: Impacts on Fishing 98 5.5.2 Influences from Industrial Activity 99 5.6 Trapping Practices 100 5.6.1 Background: BC’s Registered Trapline System 100 5.6.2 Species of Concern 110 5.6.3 Trapping Areas, Sites, and Rotations 112 5.6.4 Traditional Roles, Values, and the Future of the Trapline 116 5.7 Gathering Practices 119 5.7.1 Medicine Gathering 121 5.7.2 Teaching on the Land 122 5.7.3 Movement Pattern for Berry Gathering 123 5.7.4 Use and Distribution of Berries in the Community 125 5.7.5 Non-Aboriginal Land Uses: Impacts on Berry Gathering 126 v WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS 5.7.6 Influences of Industry on Gathering Practices 126 5.8 Culture Camps 128 5.8.1 History and Background on Camps 128 5.8.2 Placement, Timing, and Participants 130 5.8.2.1 Placement of Culture Camps 130 5.8.2.2 Timing of Culture Camps 135 5.8.2.3 Participation in Culture Camps 136 5.8.3 Cultural Activities 137 5.8.4 Cultural Revitalization, Health and Modern-Day Importance 149 5.8.5 Threats and Impacts to Culture Camps 154 5.8.6 Spirituality and Cultural Heritage 158 5.8.6.1 Cultural Connection and Connectivity 158 5.8.6.2 Cultural Associations 159 5.8.6.3 Link of Spiritual Health to Physical and Mental Health 162 5.8.6.4 Archeological Resources (Cultural Heritage) 164 5.8.6.5 Changes to the Landscape 165 5.8.6.6 Types of Ceremonies at Camps 166 5.8.6.6.1 Background on Sweat Lodge 166 5.8.6.6.2 Sweat Lodge and West Moberly 166 6.0 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 169 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 Conflict Analysis 169 6.2.1 Potential Conflicts in the Farrell Creek Cultural Network 169 6.2.1.1 Hunting Values 170 6.2.1.2 Trapping Values 171 6.2.1.3 Fishing Values 171 6.2.1.4 Gathering Values 172 6.2.2 Potential Conflicts in the Peace-Moberly Cultural Network 173 6.2.2.1 Hunting Values 173 6.2.2.2 Trapping Values 174 vi SEPTEMBER 2014 POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS TO CULTURAL VALUED COMPONENTS 6.2.2.3 Fishing Values 175 6.2.2.4 Gathering Values 176 6.3 Analysis of Spatial Data 176 6.4 Assessment 178 6.4.1 Hunting Values 178 6.4.1.1 Effects Analysis 178 6.4.1.2 Evaluation of Significance 197 6.4.2 Fishing – Traditional Seasonal Round 199 6.4.2.1 Effects Analysis 199 6.4.2.2 Evaluation of Significance 200 6.4.3 Trapping – Traditional Seasonal Round 201 6.4.3.1 Effects Analysis 201 6.4.3.2 Evaluation of Significance 204 6.4.4 Gathering – Traditional Seasonal Round 205 6.4.4.1 Effects Analysis 205 7.0 CONCLUSIONS 208 REFERENCES 210 APPENDIX A 215 APPENDIX B 278 APPENDIX C 289 APPENDIX D 298 APPENDIX E 308 APPENDIX F 321 APPENDIX G 331 APPENDIX H 345 APPENDIX I 352 APPENDIX J 360 APPENDIX K 368 APPENDIX L 385 vii WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4–1: Cave used for approximately 10,500 years by the Dunne-za 19 Figure 4–2: Historic map of Treaty No.8 20 Figure 4–3: Cabin used by West Moberly for trapping, hunting, and other cultural activities 40 Figure 4–4: Historic Dunne-za camp site 46 Figure 4–5: Blueberries of Dunne-za hananè 49 Figure 4–6: West Moberly members harvesting bison near Pink Mountain, B.C. 50 Figure 4–7: An Elder drying meat from the fall hunt 54 Figure 4–8: Lynx trapped by a West Moberly member 57 Figure 4–9: Lynx and other trapped species in the process of being stretched and dried 57 Figure 4–10: Bull trout caught by a West Moberly member near Pink Mountain, B.C. 59 Figure 4–11: Historic Dunne-za camp site on the shores of what is now referred to as Moberly Lake, B.C. 61 Figure 4–12: Molly Desjarlais, an Elder from West Moberly, teaching at camp how to stretch, flesh, and remove the hair from a hide 61 Figure 6–1: Traditional land uses in the Farrell Creek Cultural Network and the PMT Cultural Network 182 Figure 6–2: Low elevation caribou habitat and the potential routes of the proposed NMP project 191 Figure A–1: Treaty No. 8 in Canada 216 Figure A–2: Treaty No. 8 in British Columbia 217 Figure A–3: Review Area for the TLUS 218 Figure A–4: Overview of NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project in the Review Area of TLUS 219 Figure A–5: NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 220 Figure A–6: Alternative No. 1 -- Chetwynd Option for the Aitken Section of the proposed NMP Project 221 viii SEPTEMBER 2014 POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS TO CULTURAL VALUED COMPONENTS Figure A–7: Alternative No. 2 -- Cypress Option for the Aitken Section of the proposed NMP Project 222 Figure A–8: Alternative No. 3 -- East Option for the Aitken Section of the proposed NMP Project 223 Figure A–9: Alternative No. 4 -- Taylor Option for the Aitken Section of the proposed NMP Project 224 Figure A–10: Study Area for the TLUS 225 Figure A–11: Overview of the Cultural Networks with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project and TLUS areas 226 Figure A–12: Farrell Creek Cultural Network 227 Figure A–13: Peace-Moberly Track Cultural Network 228 Figure A–14: Overview of the Review Area, Study Area, and the NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 229 Figure A–15: Coal Licenses in the Review Area and Study Area of the TLUS with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 230 Figure A–16: Oil and Gas Well Sites in the Review Area and Study Area of the TLUS with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 231 Figure A–17: Oil and Gas Pipelines in the Review Area and Study Area of the TLUS with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 232 Figure A–18: Oil and Gas Facilities in the Review Area and Study Area of the TLUS with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 233 Figure A–19: Forestry Clear-Cuts in the Review Area and Study Area of the TLUS with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 234 Figure A–20: Private Land (Fee Simple) in the Review Area and Study Area of the TLUS with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 235 Figure A–21: Wind Energy Tenures in the Review Area and Study Area of the TLUS with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 236 Figure A–22: Roads in the Review Area and Study Area of the TLUS with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 237 ix WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS Figure A–23: Power Lines in the Review Area and Study Area of the TLUS with NGTL’s Preferred Route for the proposed NMP Project 238 Figure A–24: