P 1 Juliette Dewavrin Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils Juliette DEWAVRIN Master Thesis Presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the double degree: “Advanced Master in Naval Architecture” conferred by University of Liege "Master of Sciences in Applied Mechanics, specialization in Hydrodynamics, Energetics and Propulsion” conferred by Ecole Centrale de Nantes Developed at West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin in the framework of the “EMSHIP” Erasmus Mundus Master Course in “Integrated Advanced Ship Design” EMJMD 159652 – Grant Agreement 2015-1687 ZUT Dr. Inż. Monika Bortnowska, Supervisor: West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland Internship Senior Lecturer Jean-Baptiste R. G. Souppez, Supervisor: Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK Reviewer: Prof. Pierre Ferrant Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France Szczecin, February 2018 “EMSHIP” Erasmus Mundus Master Course, period of study September 2016 – February 2018 P 2 Juliette Dewavrin Master Thesis developed at West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils 3 ABSTRACT Despite the early discovery of hydrofoils, first conceived in 1906 [1], there has been renwened interest in recent years, particularly for racing yachts, most likely thanks to the progress in material properties. As a consequince, the concept is begining to filter through to the cruising yacht sector despite the limited technical literature. The main benefits of including hydrofoils on a sailing yacht are: performance, velocity along with stability, and seakeeping. There does however remain challenges to the designs and hydrodynamics when adopting foils. The aim of this master thesis is to implement three existing concepts of hydrofoil into a standard design of cruising yacht, and to establish and resolve the design integration problems and tackle the hydrodynamic advantages. Firstly, the design is going to be explored in order to find the best way to include the hydrofoils into the boat. Subsequently, the selected designs will be tested by experimental fluid dynamic approach in a towing tank testing and their hydrodynamic results outlined. Keywords: design, sailing yacht, cruising, hydrofoils, experimental fluid dynamics, towing tank testing, hydrodynamic results “EMSHIP” Erasmus Mundus Master Course, period of study September 2016 – February 2018 P 4 Juliette Dewavrin Master Thesis developed at West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my parents for all their moral and financial support during this one year and a half master. Then, I would like to thank my supervisor in Southampton Solent University, Jean-Baptiste Souppez, who guided me throughout my internship at Southampton Solent University from the beginning to the very end of the research. I really appreciate his time and patience, he was constantly available for technical support during this master thesis and his recommendations have been a great guidance. I would like to thank Prof. Giles Barkley from Southampton Solent University for his shared theoretical and practical knowledge. I have got very useful and significant viewpoints about the behaviours of the foiling sailboats in the sea as well as in the towing tank thanks to his valuable advice. I would like to thank Jack Cunningham Burley from Southampton Solent University for his shared knowledge in composites and for his assistance in the workshop when building the yacht and foils model. I would like to thank Southampton Solent University for allowing me to use the university facilities: the workshop, the 3D printers and the towing tank. I could not achieve my work during the internship without it. I would like to thank Gordon J.W. Kay, director of Infiniti Performance Yachts, for sharing his time with me, for trusting me and sharing technical information about Infiniti 56 foiling yacht. I have got very useful viewpoint about the yacht and the DSS hydrofoil design. I would also like to thank Quentin Stewart, owner of the Infiniti 46R racing yacht, and all the crew members of the Maverick team, who invited me to sail during the Channel Race 2017 between Cowes and Cherbourg. I have had an incredible and unforgettable offshore sailing experience and a practical understanding and sensation of the DSS foils. I would like to thank my supervisor from West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Dr. Inż. Monika Bortnowska, who assisted me on the writing of the master thesis with her general recommendations and support. Finally, I would like to thank James Starkey, for reading and reviewing the grammar language of this master thesis as a final correction. “EMSHIP” Erasmus Mundus Master Course, period of study September 2016 – February 2018 P 6 Juliette Dewavrin Master Thesis developed at West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils 7 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... 5 TABLE OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 10 TABLE OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... 14 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ..................................................................................... 17 NOMENCLATURE - Symbols Explanations ......................................................................... 19 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 21 2. STATE OF THE ART - FOIL ASSISTED SAILING YACHTS ................................ 22 2.1. The Aim of Hydrofoils - Introduction to Foil Theory ............................................... 22 2.2. History: The First Boats Equipped With Hydrofoils ................................................. 26 2.3. The Different Types of Hydrofoils on Monohull Sailing Yacht Nowadays ............. 27 2.3.1. "Dali Moustache" Foils on IMOCA 60 Racing Yachts ............................................. 29 2.3.2. "Chistera" foils on the New Figaro 3 Bénéteau RacingYacht ................................... 31 2.3.3. DSS foils on Infiniti 56C cruising yachts .................................................................. 32 3. METHODOLOGY AND PLANNING......................................................................... 34 3.1. Content, Resources and Objectives ........................................................................... 34 3.1.1. Design of a Foiling Cruising Yacht ........................................................................... 34 3.1.2. Hydrodynamic Analysis - Experimental Approach .................................................. 35 3.2. GANTT Diagram ...................................................................................................... 38 4. PART 1: DESIGN OF A SAILING CRUISING YACHT WITH HYDROFOILS ..... 39 4.1. Preliminary Design .................................................................................................... 39 4.2. Detailed Design ......................................................................................................... 40 4.2.1. Hull Geometry, Hydrostatics and Lines Plan ............................................................ 41 4.2.2. Sailing Equilibrium: Sails and Appendages Design .................................................. 42 4.2.3. Hydrofoil Design ....................................................................................................... 52 4.2.4. General Arrangement and Deck Plan ........................................................................ 56 4.2.5. Resistance and Engine Selection ............................................................................... 57 4.2.6. Hull and Deck Scantling - Structural Design ............................................................ 60 4.2.7. Mast and Rigging Dimensions .................................................................................. 63 4.2.8. Weight Estimation ..................................................................................................... 64 4.2.9. Stability Analysis ...................................................................................................... 66 4.2.10. Velocity Prediction Programme (VPP) ..................................................................... 69 5. PART 2: HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS BY AN EXPERIMENTAL TANK “EMSHIP” Erasmus Mundus Master Course, period of study September 2016 – February 2018 P 8 Juliette Dewavrin TESTING APPROACH ........................................................................................................... 72 5.1. Experimental Tank Testing Approach....................................................................... 73 5.1.1. Model Dimensions .................................................................................................... 73 5.1.2. Manufacturing Process and Towing Tank Preparation ............................................