© Government of Tamilnadu HISTORY First Edition - 2007 Chairperson Dr. C. Thiruvenkadam Higher Secondary - First Year Reader in History, Pachaiyappa’s College, Prepared as per recommendation of the Chennai - 600 030. Textbook Development Committee, this New Textbook is prepared according to the Syllabus published in 2003-04. Reviewer Dr. K.Vijaya A Publication under Government of Lecturer in History, (Selection Grade) Tamilnadu Distribution of Quaid-e-Milleth Govt. College for Women Free Textbook Programme Chennai - 600 002. (Not for Sale) Authors Tmt. M.Muthumari Thiru V. Zafar Ahmed P.G. Asst. (History) P.G. Asst. Headmaster (History) Perum Thalivar Kamarajar Govt. The Muslim Hr. Sec.School Untouchability is a sin Girls Higher Secondary Shcool, Triplicane, Untouchability is a crime Ambattur, Chennai - 600 053. Chennai - 600 005. Untouchability is inhuman Price : Rs. This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education on behalf of the Government of Tamil Nadu. TAMILNADU TEXT BOOK CORPORATION This book has been printed on 60 GSM Paper College Road, Chennai - 600 006. FOREWORD PREFACE Academics, parents and the educational media have represented In the curriculum of schools, the subject history forms part to the Government of Tamil Nadu, to reform the Plus one and Plus two of the Social Science up to Tenth Standard. At that level the main text books, which were introduced in the academic year 2005-06. Our trends and developments in the history of India have been introduced beloved Chief Minister, who has always been evincing keen interest in to the pupils. When they reach the Higher Secondary stage, a educational development, immediately constituted a “Text Book systematic study of history is required in order to understand the Development Committee” under the Chairmanship of the Vice-Chairman, cultural heritage of India, to inherit secular values and to develop a State Planning Commission, Government of Tamil Nadu. positive outlook on the future. The Text Book Development Committee solicited opinion from Therefore, this book intends to provide the political, social, lecturers and professors from Higher Secondary Schools, Colleges and economic and cultural aspects of Indian history. It is written as per Universities, Chairpersons and authors of text books. After perusing the the syllabus prescribed for Standard XI. It covers both ancient and opinions, the Text Book Development Committee, decided not to change medieval India up to the coming of the Europeans. ths syllabi, but recommended suitable changes in the text books. While providing historical facts, much care has been taken In particular, it was proposed to rewrite the History text book, and and standard historical works written by eminent historians have been accepting this proposal, this text book is rewritten by experienced and consulted. Latest historical information has also been included in the efficient teachers. lessons. We are pleased to place on record our sincere gratitude to our In the process of learning, the pupils will also be benefited by beloved Chief Minister. Our thanks are due to Hon’ble Minister for School the maps and figures, which illustrate the political geography and Education, Secretary and Director, Department of School Education, cultural greatness of our country. Government of Tamil Nadu for their valuable support and suggestions. The model questions provided at the end of each chapter are We thank, lecturers and Professors from Higher Secondary based on the Public Examination Question Paper pattern. Questions Schools, Colleges and Universities, Chairpersons and authors of text on the same model will be asked in the examination and therefore, books, non-teaching staff of edcuation department and State Planning the pupils must read the entire text to answer such questions. Commission for their help at various stages in this endeavor. I am thankful to the members of the committee for their We wish the students to learn and perform well in the examinations. cooperation in bringing out this book. Prof. M. Naganathan C. THIRUVENKADAM Chairman Chairperson Text Book Development Committee Government of Tamil Nadu XI History iii iv STANDARD XI - HISTORY 8. The Mauryan period - Sources - Chandragupta Maurya - Asoka - Mauryan Administration - SYLLABUS Asoka’s Dharma - Development of Art and Periods Architecture - Decline of Mauryas. 10 Unit I 1. The Impact of Geography on Indian History - Unit IV Unity in Diversity 5 9. India after the Mauryas - the Sungas - Kanvas - 2. The Stone Age - The Old Stone Age Satavahanas Kushnas - Kanishka - Gandhara Art. 10 (Paleolithic Age) - New Stone Age 10. Sangam Age in Tamil Nadu - Sources - Brief (Neolithic Age) - Metal Age - Salient features History of Kingdoms - Social, Religious and of Harappan culture. 5 Economic life of the people. 5 3. Vedic Period - Sources - Early Vedic Period Unit V (Rig Vedic Period) - Later Vedic Period - 11. India of Gupta period - Administration - Epic age - Social, Economic and Cultural life 5 Social, Economic and Cultural conditions - Hun invasions and decline of the Guptas. 10 Unit II 12. Harshavardhana - Sources - Social, Religious 4. Condition of India in the 6th Century B.C. and Cultural life. 5 - Magadhan empire and other kindgoms. 5 Unit VI 5. Rise of Jainism - Mahavira - Principles of Jainism - 13. South Indian Empires 15 Digambaras and Swedambaras - Spread of Jainism - A. Pallavas - Sources - Administration - Social, Economic and Contributions. 5 Cultural conditions. 6. Rise of Buddhism - Buddha - Principles of B. Chalukyas - Development of Arts. Buddhism - Hinayana and Mahayana sects - C. Rashtrakutas - Contribution to Arts. Spread of Buddhism - Contributions. The Similarities and dissimilarities of these two religions. 5 D. Cholas - Social, Economic and Cultural conditions. Unit III 14. The Cultural Relations between India and the Asian countries 5 7. India of the Pre-Mauryan period - Nandas - Persian invasion - Alexander’s invasion - Results. 5 v vi Unit VII CONTENTS 15. Indian During Arab Invasions - Rajput kingdoms - INDIAN HISTORY Arab Invasions-Mahmud of Ghazni-Muthammad of Ghor. 10 16. Delhi Sultans - Mameluk, Khilji, Tughluq, Sayyid and Sub. Page Lodi Dynasties. 20 No. No. 17. Social, Economic and Cultural conditions under 1. India - Geographical Features and their 1 Impact on History the Sultanate of Delhi 2. Pre-Historic India and the Harappan Culture 11 3. The Vedic Culture 27 Unit VIII 4. Jainism and Buddhism 37 18. Bhakti Movement in Medieaval India - Ramananda, 5. The Rise of Magadha and Alexander’s Invasion 47 Kabir - Vallabhacharya - Chaitanya - Gurunanak - 6. The Mauryan Empire 59 Meerabai - Sufism 10 7. Post - Mauryan India 74 19. Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms - Social, 8. Sangam Age 85 Economic and Cultural conditions. 10 9. Gupta Empire 96 10. Harshavardhana (606 - 647 A.D) 113 Unit IX 11. South Indian Kingdoms - I Pallavas 122 20. Mughal empire - Brief History of Mughal, Sur 12. South Indian Kingdoms - II dynasty rulers. 15 Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas 132 13. Imperial Cholas 141 21. Mughal Administration - Emperor - Central 14. The Spread of Indian Culture in Government Officials - Provincial Governments - other Asian Countries 154 Officials - Duties - Decline of the Mughals. 15. Early Medieval India 163 22. Social, Economics, Religious and Cultural conditions 16. Delhi Sultanate 172 under the Mughals. 10 17. India under the Delhi Sultanate 190 18. Bhakti Movement in Medieval India 200 Unit X 19. Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms 209 23. Rise of Marathas - Administration of Shivaji - 20. The Mughal Empire 221 Peshwas. 10 21. India under the Mughals 239 24. Coming of the Europeans to India - Establishment of 22. The Marathas 249 British Rule in India 10 23. The Coming of Europeans 258 vii viii LESSON 1 INDIA- GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HISTORY Learning Objectives Students will acquire knowledge about 1. The geographical features of India. 2. The Himalayan Mountains and their impact on Indian history. 3. The Gangetic plains and their role in Indian history. 4. The Southern Peninsula and its effects on South Indian history. 5. India’s unity in diversity It is generally said that history has two eyes – one is chronology and the other is geography. In other words time and space are significant factors in determining the historical process. In particular, a country’s geography largely determines its historical events. The history of India is also influenced by its geography. Hence, the study of Indian geographical features contributes to the better understanding of its history. The Indian subcontinent is a well-defined geographical unit. It may be divided into three major regions: the Himalayan Mountains, the Indo-Gangetic Plains and the Southern Peninsula. There are five countries in the subcontinent – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. India is the largest among them and it comprises twenty-eight states and six Union Territories. According to the 2001 Census, the population of India is over one hundred crores. 1 The Himalayan Mountains The valley of Kashmir is surrounded by high mountains. However, The Himalayan Mountains are situated on the north of India. it could be reached through several passes. The Kashmir valley Starting from the Pamir in the extreme northwest of India, the mighty remains unique for its tradition and culture. Nepal is also a small Himalayan range extends towards northeast. It has a length of nearly valley under the foot of the Himalayas and it is accessible from 2560 kilometres with an average breadth of 240 to 320 kilometres. Gangetic plains through a number of passes. The highest peak of the Himalayas is known as Mount Everest with In the east, the Himalayas extend up to Assam. The important its height being 8869 metres. It acts as a natural wall and protects mountains in this region are Pat Koi, Nagai and Lushai ranges. These the country against the cold arctic winds blowing from Siberia through hills are covered with thick forests due to heavy rains and mostly Central Asia. This keeps the climate of northern India fairly warm remain inhospitable. The mountains of northeast India is difficult to throughout the year.