Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Forced Displacement in the Great Lakes Region © 2015 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Email: [email protected]. Web site: www.worldbank.org/forced-displacement All rights reserved. Disclaimer This paper is a product of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors or the governments they represent. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. Cover Photo: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) / Thousands flee the IDP site and surrounding area in Kibati, North Kivu, DRC on Friday, November 7, 2008. Gunfire was heard near the IDP site causing a panic leaving a steady stream of IDPs heading south towards the provinicial capital Goma. / UNHCR / P. Taggart / November 2008 Table of Contents Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 9 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 13 Purpose and perspective of the study ........................................................................... 14 Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 16 Methods and approach .................................................................................................. 16 Structure of the report ................................................................................................... 17 History, Scope, and Character of Forced Displacement in the GLR .................................... 18 Historic overview of displacement in the region: Scope and trends .............................. 18 Specific country situations ........................................................................................... 23 Burundi .......................................................................................................................... 23 DRC ................................................................................................................................. 25 Rwanda .......................................................................................................................... 27 Tanzania ......................................................................................................................... 29 Uganda ........................................................................................................................... 30 Zambia ........................................................................................................................... 31 Political, Legal, and Policy Frameworks ............................................................................ 33 Potential for political cooperation ............................................................................... 33 Global conventions and protocols ................................................................................. 34 Country-specific legislation and policies ........................................................................ 34 Causes, Drivers, and Political Economy of Displacement .................................................. 37 Causes and drivers of displacement ............................................................................. 37 Actors and interests ..................................................................................................... 39 Governments of GLR countries ...................................................................................... 39 Military groups ............................................................................................................... 41 International organizations ............................................................................................ 41 Host communities .......................................................................................................... 42 Prospects for Return and Other Durable Solutions ........................................................... 44 GLR return processes ................................................................................................... 44 Prospects for return ....................................................................................................... 46 Prospects for local integration ....................................................................................... 48 Resettlement to third country ....................................................................................... 49 Toward durable solutions ............................................................................................ 50 Development Needs and Opportunities of the Displaced ................................................. 52 Displaced settings ........................................................................................................ 52 Livelihoods ..................................................................................................................... 53 4 Representation and governance .................................................................................... 54 Social services ................................................................................................................ 55 Gender ........................................................................................................................... 56 Vulnerabilities ................................................................................................................ 58 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 59 Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 62 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 70 Annex 1. Statistical Profile ............................................................................................... 77 Annex 2. Methodology on Quantitative Data and Issues Concerning Data on Forced Displacement in the GLR ........................................................................................................................ 80 Annex 3. List of Persons Met and Key Contacts ................................................................ 82 5 Acronyms AFDL Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération AU African Union CAR Central African Republic DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EDRC Eastern DRC FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDLR Front Démocratique pour la Libération du Rwanda FNL Front de Libération Nationale (Burundian armed group in SK) GDRC government of the DRC GLR Great Lakes region GLRI Great Lakes Regional Initiative (World Bank) GoB government of Burundi GoR government of Rwanda GoT government of Tanzania GoU government of Uganda GRZ government of the Republic of Zambia ICGLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region IDA International Development Association IDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre IDP internally displaced person IOM International Organization for Migration I4S International Security and Stabilization Support Strategy LRA Lord’s Resistance Army MIDIMAR Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs (Rwanda) MONUSCO United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Congo NGO nongovernmental organization NK North Kivu OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs PEA political economy analysis PSCF Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Region REHOPE Refugees and Host Population Empowerment Framework RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front SGBV sexual and gender-based violence 6 SK South Kivu UN United Nations UNDAF UN Development Assistance Framework UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs USAID United States Agency for International Development VRI rural integrated village 7 Acknowledgements This report is a joint product of the World Bank and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), however in the case of Rwanda input was provided