Notes Introduction 1. R. Sindall, ‘The London Garotting Panics of 1856 and 1862’, Social History, 12 (1987), 351–9 (p. 351); and Shani D’Cruze, ‘Introduction: Unguarded Passions: Violence, History and the Everyday’, in Shani D’Cruze (ed.), Everyday Violence in Britain, 1850–1950, Gender and Class (Harlow: Longman/ Pearson, 2000), pp. 1–19 (p. 1). 2. Clive Emsley, Crime and Society in England, 1750–1900, rev. edn (London: Longman/Pearson, 2005), p. 42. 3. See Jan Bondeson, The London Monster: A Sanguinary Tale (Cambridge: University of Pennsylvania Press/Da Capo Press, 2002), p. 44 and Jennifer Westwood, The Lore of the Land: A Guide to England’s Legends from Spring- Heeled Jack to the Witches of Warboys (London: Penguin, 2005), p. 343. 4. Emsley, Crime and Society, p. 300. 5. Rob Sindall, Street Violence in the Nineteenth-Century: Media Panic or Real Danger? (Leicester University Press, 1990), p. 30. 6. Lynda Nead, Victorian Babylon: People, Streets and Images in Nineteenth-Century London (London: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 10. 7. Sindall, Street Violence, p. 7. By the ‘central class’, Sindall is referring to the middle classes. 8. Richard Sennett, The Conscience of the Eye: The Design and Social Life of Cities (London: Faber & Faber, 1991), p. xii. 9. Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century: A City and its People (London: Vintage, 2008), p. 16. 10. William S. Gilbert, London Characters and the Humorous Side of London Life (c. 1871), http://www.victorianweb.org/books/mcdonnell/streets1.html, accessed 8 May 2010. 11. Sennett, Conscience of the Eye, p. xii. 12. Clive Emsley, The English Police: A Political and Social History (London: Longman/Pearson, 1996), p. 62. 13. John Carter Wood, ‘A Useful Savagery: The Invention of Violence in Nineteenth- Century England’, Journal of Victorian Culture, 9(1) (2004), 22–42 (p. 24). 14. Emsley, Crime and Society, p. 282. 15. See Wiener, Men of Blood and subsequent articles by Wiener on the subject (1997 and 2001). 16. Wiener, Men of Blood, p. 153. 17. Colin Greenwood, Firearms Control: A Study of Armed Crime and Firearms Control in England and Wales (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 18–25; and Joyce Lee Malcolm, Guns and Violence: The English Experience (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 111. 18. Wood, ‘A Useful Savagery’, pp. 24 and 33. 19. Karen Volland Waters, The Perfect Gentleman: Masculine Control in Victorian Men’s Fiction, 1870–1901 (New York: Peter Lang, 1997), pp. 39–40. 160 Notes 161 20. Peter Gay, The Cultivation of Hatred, ‘The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud’, 5 vols (London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993), vol. III, p. 115. 21. Jerome, Three Men on the Bummel (Bristol: J.W. Arrowsmith, 1900), p. 208, in Gay, Cultivation of Hatred, p. 12. 22. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: State Formation and Civilization, trans. by Edmund Jephcott (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982), p. 229. 23. Jennifer Davis, ‘The London Garotting Panic of 1862: A Moral Panic and the Creation of a Criminal Class in Mid-Victorian England’, in V.A. Gatrell, Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker (eds), Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe Since 1500 (London: Europa, 1980), pp. 190–213. 24. Geoffrey Pearson, Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears (London: Macmillan, 1983). 25. See Sindall, ‘Garotting 1856 and 1862’ and his subsequent publication Street Violence (1990). 26. Pearson, Hooligan, p. 7. 27. Martin Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law, and Policy in England, 1830–1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 10. 28. Sindall, Street Violence, p. 24. 29. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 164. 30. Waters, Perfect Gentleman, p. 39. 31. James Eli Adams, Dandies and Desert Saints: Styles of Victorian Masculinity (London: Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 195. 32. Christopher Breward, The Hidden Consumer: Masculinities, Fashion and City Life 1860–1914 (Manchester University Press, 1999) and John Harvey, Men in Black (London: Reaktion Books, 1997). 33. Breward, The Hidden Consumer, pp. 258–9. 34. See Mike Huggins, The Victorians and Sport (London: Hambledon, 2004), p. 31. 35. Gay, Cultivation of Hatred, p. 110. 36. Antony E. Simpson, ‘Dandelions on the Field of Honor: Duelling, the Middle Classes and the Law in Nineteenth-Century England’, Criminal Justice History, 9 (1988), 99–155 (p. 108). 37. Wood, ‘A Useful Savagery’, p. 32. 38. E. Anthony Rotundo, ‘Learning About Manhood: Gender Ideals and the Middle-Class Family in Nineteenth-Century America’, in J.A. Mangan, and James Walvin (eds), Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800–1940 (Manchester University Press, 1987), pp. 35–51 (p. 40). 39. John Carter Wood, Violence and Crime, Violence and Crime in Nineteenth- Century England: The Shadow of Our Refinement (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 33 and 140. 40. Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late- Victorian London (London: Virago, 1992); Deborah Epstein-Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets: Women, Representation, and the City (London and Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995); and Nead, Victorian Babylon. 41. Deborah L. Parsons, Streetwalking the Metropolis: Women, the City, and Modernity (Oxford University Press, 2000). 42. Wiener, Men of Blood, p. 179. 43. Ian McEwan, Saturday (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005), pp. 81–99. 162 Notes 44. These include Richard Bowen, ‘Further Lessons in Baritsu’, The Ritual Bi-Annual Review: The Northern Musgraves Sherlock Holmes Society, 20 (1997), 22–26; Yuichi Hirayama and John Hall’s, ‘Some Knowledge of Baritsu: An Investigation of the Japanese System of Wrestling used by Sherlock Holmes’, Musgrave Monographs, 7 (The Northern Musgraves, 1996), and Tony Wolf’s, ‘The Manly Arts of Self-Defence in Victorian and Edwardian England’, in Tony Wolf (ed.), The Bartitsu Compendium: History and Canonical Syllabus (Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com, 2005), pp. 21–40. 45. Douglas M. Catron, ‘“Jiu-Jitsu” in Lawrence’s “Gladiatorial”’, South Central Bulletin, 43 (1983), 92–94 (p. 94). 46. Bill Brown, ‘Thing Theory’, Critical Inquiry, 28 (2001), 1–22. 47. Elaine Freedgood, The Ideas in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel (University of Chicago Press, 2006), pp. 30–54. 48. David Trotter, ‘Household Clearances in Victorian Fiction’, 19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century, 6 (2008) http://www.19.bbk.ac.uk/ index.php/19/issue/view/69, accessed 8 May 2010, p. 11. 49. Wiener, Men of Blood, p. 1. 50. Gay, Cultivation of Hatred, p. 97. 1 Foreign Crimes Hit British Shores 1. C.J. Collins, The Anti-Garotte (1857), British Library, Lord Chamberlain’s Manuscript Collection, L52964. p. 1. As the titles of the garotting plays to which I refer are so similar, I have included either dates or playwrights’ names in every reference. 2. Clive Emsley, Crime and Society, p. 299. 3. ‘What Better Measures Can Be Adopted to Prevent Crimes of Violence Against the Person?’ (1867), quoted in Thomas Barwick Lloyd Baker, ‘War with Crime’: Being a Selection of Reprinted Papers on Crime, Reformatories, etc (London: Longmans and Co., 1889), p. 24. 4. Davis, ‘London Garotting Panic’, p. 190. 5. Sindall, ‘Garotting 1856 and 1862’, p. 351. 6. Neil R. Storey, The Grim Almanac of Jack the Ripper, London 1870–1900 (Stroud: Sutton, 2004), p. 37. 7. ‘Burkins, the garotter […] has confidentially informed his reverend instruc- tor that to the melodramas at the Victoria must be ascribed his ruin.’ George Augustus Sala, Twice Round the Clock; or The House of the Day and Night in London (London: George Robert Maxwell, 1878), p. 270. Mayhew’s London Labour and the London Poor (1862) includes an interview with a garotter. See John Binney, ‘Thieves’ (1862) in Henry Mayhew, ‘Those That Will Not Work’, London Labour and the London Poor, Victor Neuburg (ed.), 4 vols. (London: Woodfall/Griffin Bohn, 1851–62; repr. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), IV (1862), pp. 492–9. 8. Mike Dash, Thug: The True Story of India’s Murderous Cult (London: Granta Books, 2005), p. 289. 9. Quoted in Kevin Rushby’s The Children of Kali: Through India in Search of Bandits, the Thug Cult and the British Raj (London: Constable, 2002), p. 10. Notes 163 2 The Ticket-of-Leave Man 1. Davis, ‘London Garotting Panic’, p. 201. 2. Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c. 1848–1918 (Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 195. 3. Jennifer Jones, ‘The Face of Villainy on the Victorian Stage’, Theatre Notebook, 50 (1996), 95–108 (p. 98). 4. Watts Phillips, A Ticket of Leave: A Farce in One Act (1862; hereafter A Ticket of Leave), Lacy’s Acting Edition of Victorian Plays, http://www.worc.ac.uk/ victorian/victorianplays/editorialnote.htm, accessed 8 May 2010, p. 13. 5. See Wood, ‘A Useful Savagery’ and Violence and Crime. 6. All the Year Round, 8 (11 October 1862), p. 113 and Illustrated London News, 6 December 1862, p. 589. 7. Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 71–2. 8. John Binney, ‘Thieves’, p. 49. 9. Michael R. Booth, Theatre in the Victorian Age (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 13. 10. Athenaeum, 6 June 1863, p. 753. 11. This amendment of the original Penal Servitude Act of 1853 length- ened sentences to five years for a first offence and seven years for repeat offences. As regards the Security Against Violence Act of 1863, only under the Criminal Justice Act of 1948 was flogging restricted to crimes of prisoner mutiny and aggression towards prison officers. Sindall, Street Violence, pp. 41 and 146. 12. Davis, ‘London Garotting Panic’, p. 208. 13. Dennis W. Allen, ‘Young England: Muscular Christianity and the Politics of the Body in “Tom Brown’s Schooldays”’, in Donald E.