ICCAT’s Unmanaged Shark Fisheries Sharks are among the key species caught in ICCAT fisheries, representing more than 15% of all reported catches by weight in 20101. They are also among the most vulnerable species to overfishing. Their biological characteristics and slow population growth rates make them inherently less able to cope with heavy fishing pressure than many of the other fish species with which they are caught. As a result, they are easily overexploited, and once depleted, their populations are slow to recover. Oceanic pelagic sharks, which are the main shark species caught in ICCAT fisheries, are particularly at risk, with 63% of assessed species considered threatened2. Although ICCAT has traditionally viewed and classified sharks as by‐catch, the reality of high‐seas shark fisheries has changed. As noted by the Joint Tuna RFMO Technical Working Group on By‐ catch, the issue of shark catches in tuna RFMO fisheries is broader than simply by‐catch3. Many shark species continue to be captured incidentally, but others are targeted directly or are valuable secondary catch, sought after in response to growing © 2010 Terry Gross demand for shark fins and meat. Declared blue shark catches in the Atlantic Ocean are almost double Despite the importance of shark catches in the Atlantic Ocean, those of swordfish and five times the fact that certain species are directly targeted, and the high higher than those of bluefin tuna. level of threat facing many shark species, most shark species Due to the relatively lower value of caught in ICCAT fisheries are completely unmanaged: blue sharks, this species remains completely unmanaged and little is Important fished species, such as shortfin makos and known about the status of stocks. blue sharks, are caught without any limits, despite high uncertainty about stock status. Highly threatened species such as porbeagles continue to be landed, and sold. Of the 350 species of pelagic and coastal sharks captured in the ICCAT area4, only 8 of the rarest species have specific ICCAT management measures in place. Four of the top five most vulnerable pelagic shark species have no management measures in place under ICCAT (Box 1). Reliable, accurate data on shark fisheries throughout the Atlantic are a prerequisite for proper, science‐ based management. Lack of data reporting and poor data quality remain critical problems that hinder shark species assessment and management, despite repeated Recommendations and Resolutions that have called for better shark data. ICCAT needs to ensure full compliance with ICCAT rules for shark fisheries, including proper data reporting by CPCs, but should not delay the adoption of management measures until these data are provided. A precautionary approach should necessarily apply to the management and conservation of shark species in the ICCAT Convention area. Oceana urges ICCAT Contracting Parties to act on four key measures to improve shark management at the 18th Special Meeting of the Commission: 1. Set science‐based, precautionary limits on catches of shortfin mako and blue sharks, which are key targeted species in ICCAT fisheries. 2. Prohibit the retention, landing, and trade of highly threatened species, such as porbeagles. 3. Close the loopholes in the ICCAT ban on shark finning, by requiring sharks to be landed with their fins attached. 4. Assess and ensure compliance with Recommendations requiring CPCs to report shark data. Box 1. Ecological Risk Assessment: Priority shark species for ICCAT In 2012, the ICCAT Shark Species Group undertook an Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) of pelagic sharks caught in Atlantic pelagic longline fisheriesi. The ERA assessed the relative vulnerability of sharks to being overfished, based on information about their biological productivity and their susceptibility to capture. Highly vulnerable shark species, such as the top five listed below, should be prioritised for precautionary management and research. Currently, ICCAT manages only one of these most vulnerable species. Vulnerability Species Common name ICCAT Assessment ICCAT Management Rank Status 1 Alopias superciliosus Bigeye thresher Never assessed Protected (Rec. 09‐07) 2* Isurus oxyrinchus Shortfin mako Uncertain (2012) None 2* Isurus paucus Longfin mako Never assessed None 4 Lamna nasus Porbeagle Overfished (2009) None 5 Carcharhinus signatus Night shark Never assessed None * Tied for second most vulnerable. I Cortés, E., et al. 2012. Expanded ecological risk assessment of pelagic sharks caught in Atlantic pelagic longline fisheries. SCRS/2012/167. 1. Set science‐based, precautionary limits on catches of shortfin mako and blue sharks, which are key targeted species in ICCAT fisheries (a) Shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) is listed by the IUCN as Vulnerable in the Atlantic Ocean and Critically Endangered in the Mediterranean Sea5. According to the most recent ecological risk assessment (ERA; Box 1), it is the second most vulnerable species of shark to overfishing by longliners in the Atlantic6. In 2012, conservation concerns about shortfin mako prompted Mediterranean nations to grant the species strict protection in that region, prohibiting its capture, retention, transport, and trade under Annex II of the Barcelona Convention. This protection is further strengthened by Recommendation 36/2012/3 of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean, which grants strict protection to all species listed under Annex II. In contrast, fishing for shortfin mako continues in the Atlantic Ocean without any form of management. Since 2001, ICCAT Recommendations and Resolutions have repeatedly stressed the need to reduce shortfin mako fishing mortality until sustainable catch levels could be determined on the basis of stock assessments7. Yet the status of shortfin mako stocks remains unknown. The 2012 SCRS assessment of shortfin makos in the North and South Atlantic found that the current status of the stocks was highly uncertain. Inconsistencies in the available catch and effort data could not be resolved, and no management projections were made. As a result, the SCRS has recommended a precautionary management measure: fishing mortality of shortfin makos should not be permitted to increase until more reliable stock assessment results are available. Oceana urges CPCs to follow SCRS advice, by adopting a precautionary catch limit on shortfin mako sharks, based on average catch levels from recent years. (b) Blue shark (Prionace glauca) is the fourth most important fish species in ICCAT fisheries, ranked only behind skipjack, yellowfin, and bigeye tunas in terms of reported catch: 65 183 T in 20108. This quantity was roughly five times the reported catch of bluefin tuna, and represented 10% of all catches reported to ICCAT for that year. Yet blue sharks are fished under ICCAT without any specific management measures such as catch or size limits, temporal or spatial closures, or other technical measures. Blue shark catches in ICCAT have risen by more than 60% during the last five years9, and concerns have been raised about the potential ecosystem impacts of such high catch volumes. The species is listed by the IUCN as Near Threatened globally, and significant declines in abundance have already occurred in the northwest Atlantic 10 and in the Mediterranean Sea, where the species is listed as Vulnerable11. The last ICCAT assessment of this species, in 2008, indicated that the status of the stocks was highly uncertain, and results of population modelling depended strongly on the assumptions made12. No additional ICCAT assessments are currently scheduled for blue sharks. ©OCEANA/LX. Unloading shark carcasses in Azores. Oceana calls upon CPCs to fulfil their management responsibilities for blue shark, beginning with the establishment of precautionary catch limits for this species. 2. Prohibit the retention, transhipment, landing, and trade of highly threatened species, such as porbeagles. Porbeagle sharks (Lamna nasus) are among the most threatened species of highly migratory sharks caught in ICCAT fisheries. They are listed as Critically Endangered in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, and Endangered in the Northwest Atlantic13. Concerns about the status of porbeagle are echoed in ICCAT assessments. The 2012 ERA identified porbeagles as being highly vulnerable to overfishing, while the 2009 joint ICCAT/ICES porbeagle assessment found that even if all porbeagle fishing were to stop, recovery to levels that could be sustainably fished would take decades14. Canada (the main CPC that has opposed Atlantic‐ wide porbeagle protection) fishes this species at levels that are estimated to delay the recovery time even longer, to more than 100 years in the Northwest Atlantic15. In response to concerns about porbeagle, the following international measures have recently been put in place for the protection of the species: European Union: prohibition on fishing for, retaining, transhipping, or landing porbeagles in EU waters, and by EU vessels worldwide North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC): prohibition on directed fishing and retention of porbeagles The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix III: control of porbeagle exports from the EU, which require export permits certifying legality of the catch Barcelona Convention Annex II: prohibition on taking, possessing, killing, trading, and transporting Mediterranean porbeagles. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM): prohibition on retaining, transhipping, landing,