Ecstatic Space NEO-KUT and Shamanic Technologies A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Haein Song Department of Arts and Humanities College of Business, Arts and Social Sciences Brunel University, London May 2018 Abstract The present thesis formulates an approach towards ecstatic space in the context of a combined performance of kut, a Korean shamanic performance ritual, and digital practices. Here, the coined term, ecstatic space, is not confined to the mental state or spiritual sphere of shamans in a trance but indicates an alternative and metaphoric environment mediatised by ecstatic technology – a vehicle for conjuring the mythical worlds of kut via shamanic media including divine objects, dancing and singing rituals. This research also adopts digital technology, a modern approach for accessing imaginary virtual space through digital media, especially technical images – the technologically produced and programmed/computational images. Ecstatic space enables the creation of interstitial and fecund space situated between performer/audience reality and imaginary spheres, representing the technological aesthetics in- between kut and digital performance. This enabling is theoretically and historically grounded in media and performance/ritual frameworks that are explored in the early chapters of the thesis. Ecstatic space contextualises through the careful exposition of Korean scholarship on kut, and shamanic performance rituals read and interpreted alongside international performance/cultural studies and media theories including Vilém Flusser, Marshall McLuhan, Guy Debord, Roy Ascott and others. My methodologies of creating ecstatic space are formulated by investigating the artistic potential of an interpenetrative relationship between these two technologies. The five core SUI (Shamanic User Interface) designs of kut are identified to outline an embodied understanding of the ecstatic technology. The techniques of digital performances are then examined in relation to SUI design, using as a case study of metakimospheres, a series of immersive performance installations exploring wearable architectures and kinetic atmospheres, and other digital practices. My methodologies are applied to and examined through my own series of ecstatic spaces, created with a shimbang (a master shaman of Korea) and five kut performers. Each of the proposed principles is explored and demonstrated through the production processes and presentations of four performances: the solo piece, Twelve Doors, discovers a wearable installations adopting Korean funeral kut; the theatrical piece, Leodo: The Paradise, describes a girl’s journey to Leodo, delivering the key emotional conception of kut and exploring technical images; the projection mapping performance, Miyeoji-baegdui, produces its liminal spheres through the projection lights and interactive mapping technology; the participatory installation performance, Seocheon Flower Garden creates a divine garden by metaphoric mapping design and immersive performance rituals. The final production for this research, NEO-KUT, is the culminating event, generated by a comprehensive assemblage based on all four performances. The outcome of the research is the generation of alternative performance frameworks for the field of kut and digital performance. As a consequence, Ecstatic Space: NEO-KUT and Shamanic Technologies contributes to the field of kut by adopting a technical medium that can enhance the potentiality and accessibility of rituals for people today. In addition, unlike the digital virtual space that tends to pursue ocular-centred, realistic and individual interfaces, this research proposes a more collectivist shamanic and ritual way of perceiving digital dispositifs and digital performance atmospheres through highlighting multi-sensorial, symbolic and communal environments of ecstatic space. 2 Ecstatic Space NEO-KUT and Shamanic Technologies CONTENTS Abstract ..................................................................................................................................2 CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................................3 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................8 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1. Kut .................................................................................................... 21 1.1. History of Kut ...................................................................................... 22 1.2. Identification of Kut ............................................................................. 32 1.3. Understanding Kut ............................................................................... 39 1.3.1. The Shamanic Nature of Kut ........................................................ 41 1.3.2. The Artistry of Kut ....................................................................... 46 1.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 50 Chapter 2. Technological Media and Kut ............................................................ 53 2.1. Moving through Media ........................................................................ 56 2.2. Traditional Images to Technical Images ............................................... 58 2.3. Post-historical Magic to Ecstatic Space ................................................ 63 2.4. The Matter of Separation ..................................................................... 68 Chapter 3. Ecstatic Space ................................................................................... 71 3.1. Redefining the Techniques of Ecstasy .................................................. 71 3.2. Ecstatic Technologies and Digital Technologies .................................. 78 Chapter 4. Shamanic User Interface .................................................................... 84 4.1. Mugu as Shamanic User Interface ........................................................ 84 4.2. Five Major Elements of Shamanic User Interface Design ..................... 86 4.2.1. Portability ................................................................................. 86 4.2.2. Metaphoric Mapping ................................................................. 88 4.2.3. Mobility .................................................................................... 91 4.2.4. Liminality ................................................................................. 94 4.2.5. Promotability ............................................................................ 97 4.3. Shamanic User Interface Design in the Digital Age ............................ 100 3 4.3.1. Mobility and Kinetic Performance toward Animistic Sphere ...... 102 4.3.2. Wearable Technologies toward Spiritual Sphere......................... 105 4.3.3. Media Façade toward Liminal Sphere ........................................ 109 4.3.4. Metaphoric Mapping toward Immersive Performance Ritual ...... 113 Chapter 5. Practices .......................................................................................... 118 5.1. Toward Ecstatic Space ....................................................................... 118 5.2. Techno-Animistic Performance: Leodo: The Paradise ....................... 122 5.3. A Digital Wearable Designed for Spiritual Rituals: Twelve Doors...... 124 5.3.1. The Exploration of Wearable Lights ........................................... 128 5.4. Light Technologies Illuminating Liminal Sphere: Miyeoji Baengdi .... 131 5.5. Immersive Performance Ritual: Seocheon Flower Garden ................. 136 Chapter 6. NEO-KUT....................................................................................... 143 6.1. Preface ............................................................................................... 143 6.2. Spatial Script ..................................................................................... 145 6.3. Transitional Installation ..................................................................... 152 6.4. Liminal Face ...................................................................................... 159 6.5. Technologies toward Harmony .......................................................... 170 6.5.1. The Emotional Thread – Han ..................................................... 171 6.5.2. Wearable Images ........................................................................ 174 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 182 Bibliography....................................................................................................................... 187 Appendices ......................................................................................................................... 199 4 List of Figures Fig.1. Images of a dancing mudang in Bangudae Petroglyph. (Namgung 2001: 133) ......................... 23 Fig.2. Images of a mudang and ritual elements of kut in Cheonjeonri Petroglyphs. (Chang 2014: 16) 23 Fig.3. P'ungmul-kut (or pan-kut) that I performed with kut performance group, MARO at Cheju Culture and