ATMOSPHERIC IMPACT REPORT In support of the EIA for the proposed Coega 3000 MW Integrated Gas-to-Power Project Zone 13: 1000 MW Inland Power Station Report issued by: Report issued to: uMoya-NILU Consulting (Pty) Ltd SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd P O Box 20622 Ground Floor, Bay Suites Durban North, 4016 1a Humewood Rd, Humerail South Africa Port Elizabeth, 6001 South Africa Report Details Client: SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd Report title: Atmospheric Impact Report in support of the EIA for the proposed Coega 3000 MW Integrated Gas-to-Power Project, Zone 13: 1000 MW Inland Power Station Project: uMN457-20 Report number: uMN094-20 Version: Final (20 April 2021) Prepared by: uMoya-NILU Consulting (Pty) Ltd, P O Box 20622, Durban North 4016, South Africa Authors: Mark Zunckel, Atham Raghunandan and Yegeshni Moodley This report has been produced for SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, representing the Coega Development Corporation, by uMoya-NILU Consulting (Pty) Ltd. The intellectual property contained in this report remains vested in uMoya-NILU Consulting (Pty) Ltd. No part of the report may be reproduced in any manner without written permission from uMoya-NILU Consulting (Pty) Ltd, SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd and Coega Development Corporation. When used in a reference this document should be cited as follows: uMoya-NILU (2021): Atmospheric Impact Report in support of the EIA for the Proposed Coega 3000 MW Integrated Gas-to-Power Project, Zone 13: Inland Power Station, Report No. uMN094-20, April 2021. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Coega Development Corporation (CDC) proposes to develop a power project within the Coega Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and the Port of Ngqura including three gas to power plants and associated infrastructure for gas import and distribution. In accordance with the requirements of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) 2014 EIA regulations, as amended, the proposed project requires a full Scoping and EIA process to be conducted. The CDC has appointed SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd to facilitate the required environmental authorisation process and to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in terms of the National Environmental Management Act. SRK has appointed uMoya-NILU Consulting (Pty) Ltd to undertake the supporting air quality specialist study for the EIA. The proposed Coega 3000 MW Integrated Gas-to-Power Project will ultimately include the following components a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminal and three 1000 MW Gas to Power plants. Two power plants are proposed in Zone 10 (coastal) and one in Zone 13 (inland) of the SEZ. Power generation will be by means of a hybrid of Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT), Open Cycle Gas Turbines (OCGT), and Reciprocating Engines (RE). Each power plant will use LNG as the primary source of fuel, with diesel and fuel oil as back up fuels. On-site storage of back up fuels will include two 4 000 m³ tanks for diesel and two 4 000 m³ tanks for fuel oil, or 8 000 m3 in total. The Zone 13: Inland Power Station will have an ultimate generation capacity of 1 000 MW, using piped natural gas to the site. An initial or interim phase of operation using liquid fuels (diesel / HFO) may be required to cover the period until the piped gas supply (CDC gas infrastructure EIA) is available to the site. These options are assessed in this AIR which adheres to the methodology and the regulatory requirement for dispersion modelling studies. Another option for initial operation of the plant in the absence of piped gas supply is on- site storage and regasification of LNG (4 000 m3). This plant would be 200 MW in capacity. This is the Mulilo-Total development and is assessed in an addendum to this AIR. Low-sulphur diesel and low-sulphur HFO are relatively clean fuels and emissions from the 130 MW power station are relatively low. The predicted ambient concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO and benzene resulting from the power plant emissions are very low. The significance rating for air quality impacts is therefore insignificant for all pollutants. LNG is a clean fuel. The predicted ambient concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO and benzene from the power plant emissions are therefore very low. The significance rating for air quality impacts is therefore insignificant for all pollutants. Ambient monitoring and dispersion modelling show that ambient concentrations of SO2 and NO2 in the Coega SEZ are generally low, but there are some areas where NO2 exceedances occur. PM10 concentrations are relatively high and exceedances of ambient standards were modelled from baseline emission data. The cumulative effect of the initial 130 MW power plant and ultimately of the 1 000 MW power plant will be very small and are highly unlikely to contribute to exceedances of the ambient standards. i The predicted ambient concentrations resulting from the emissions from the CDC project (three 1 000 MW power plants and the infrastructure project) are very low and the intensity is rated as low for NO2 and irrelevant for the other pollutants. It is highly unlikely that they will contribute to exceedances of the ambient standards. The cumulative effect of the CDC project will be very small or negligible. The cumulative effect of the gas-to-power projects is also predicted to be very small or negligible. The predicted ambient concentrations resulting from the power plant emissions are very low and the intensity is rated as low for NO2 and irrelevant for the other pollutants. It is highly unlikely that they will contribute to exceedances of the ambient standards. Based on the findings of this assessment for the initial 130 MW liquid fuel fired Zone 13 Inland Power it is recommended that the application be approved. Similarly, based on the findings of this assessment for the ultimate 1 000 MW LNG fired Zone 13 Inland Power it is recommended that the application be approved. ii GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS AEL Atmospheric Emission Licence AIR Atmospheric Impact Report DEA Department of Environmental Affairs g/s Grams per second HFO Heavy fuel oil kPa Kilo Pascal LNG Liquified Natural Gas MES Minimum Emission Standards mg/hr Milligrams per hour refers to emission rate, i.e. mass per time mg/Nm3 Milligrams per normal cubic meter refers to emission concentration, i.e. mass per volume at normal temperature and pressure, defined as air at 20oC (293.15 K) and 1 atm (101.325 kPa) NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NEM-AQA National Environment Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) NEMA National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998) USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency iii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. vii 1. ENTERPRISE DETAILS .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project overview .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Enterprise Details .................................................................................. 3 1.3 Location and extent of the plant .............................................................. 3 1.3 Description of surrounding landuse (within 5 km radius)............................. 4 1.5 Emission Control Officer ......................................................................... 5 1.6 Atmospheric Emission Licence (AEL) and Other Authorisations .................... 5 1.6 Modelling contractor .............................................................................. 6 1.7 Terms of Reference ................................................................................ 6 1.8 Assumptions ......................................................................................... 7 2. NATURE OF THE PROCESS ............................................................................ 7 2.1 Listed Activity or Activities ...................................................................... 7 2.2 Process Description ................................................................................ 9 2.2.1 Liquefied natural gas (LNG) ....................................................... 10 2.2.2 Power generation ..................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Air pollutants resulting from the process ..................................... 12 2.2.3.1 Overview .................................................................... 12 2.2.3.2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................ 12 2.2.3.3 Air pollutants and health implications ............................. 13 2.3 Unit Processes..................................................................................... 17 3. TECHNICAL INFORMATION ......................................................................... 18 3.1 Raw Materials Used.............................................................................. 18 3.2 Appliances and Abatement Equipment Control Technology ........................ 18 4. ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS ........................................................................ 19 4.1 Point Source Parameters .....................................................................