THE GODMOTHER OF THANKSGIVING: the story of Sarah Josepha Hale by Peggy M. Baker, Director & Librarian, Pilgrim Society & Pilgrim Hall Museum 2007 Ever since the days of Priscilla Mullins of the Mayflower, New England has been home to feminine, gracious and inexorable women. One such woman, Sarah Josepha Buell Hale, can be called the “Godmother of Thanksgiving.” Sarah Josepha Buell was born in New Hampshire in 1788. She and her siblings were schooled at home. In her autobiographical foreword in The Ladies‟ Wreath of 1837, she noted that ”I owe my early predilection for literary pursuits to the teaching and example of my mother. She had enjoyed uncommon advantages of education for a female of her times – possessed a mind clear as rock-water, and a most happy talent of communicating knowledge.” A voracious reader of whatever books were available, Sarah noticed that ”of all the books I saw, few were written by Americans, and none by women “ and she was inspired, at a very early age, to “promote the reputation of my own sex, and do something for my own country.” The Ladies Wreath (Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1837) was one of a number of "gift books" of uplifting poetry for women that Sarah edited throughout her long career. Sarah’s brother, Horatio Gates Buell, was schooled at home with her. Unlike Sarah, however, Horatio could go to college. He shared his Dartmouth textbooks with his sister, Sarah noting that “he seemed very unwilling that I should be deprived of all his collegiate advantages.” This self-educated young woman began teaching school at age 18. She also began, in her spare time, to write poetry. After six years of independent living, she married David Hale, a lawyer with strong literary interests of his own and an appreciation for his bride’s intelligence. Sarah described their home life ” We commenced, soon after our marriage, a system of study and reading which we pursued while he lived. The hours allowed were from eight o‟clock in the evening till ten; two hours in the twenty-four: how I enjoyed those hours! In all our mental pursuits, it seemed the aim of my husband to enlighten my reason, - strengthen my judgment, and give me confidence in my own powers of mind, which he estimated much higher than I. But this approbation which he bestowed on my talents has been of great encouragement to me in attempting the duties that have since become my portion.” This idyllic life ended after only 9 years. In 1822, David Hale died of a stroke, leaving Sarah with 5 children; the oldest was 7 and the youngest was born two weeks after David’s death. Sarah was 34. David Hale did not leave a large estate. Sarah now had 5 children – 3 sons and 2 daughters - to raise on her own, to educate and prepare for life. How was she to do this? Sarah considered deeply and decided that the “very few employments in which females can engage with any hope of profit, and my own constitution and pursuits, made literature appear my best resource. I prepared a small volume of Poems, mostly written before my husband‟s decease; these were published, by the aid of the Free Masons, of which order he was a distinguished member.” Sarah Josepha Hale's second book of poetry, Poems for Our Children, published in 1830, contained one of the most famous poems in the English language - “Mary Had a Little Lamb.” The poem became even more famous when it was republished in Juvenile Miscellany (an interesting note, the editor of Juvenile Miscellany was Lydia Maria Child, who would later write a famous Thanksgiving poem that began “Over the river and through the woods, to grandfather’s house we go…”) A question that is still debated is: Did Sarah Josepha Hale actually write the poem? It has been claimed that there was a real Mary (Mary Sawyer of Sterling, Massachusetts), who actually had a lamb who followed her to school, etc., and that a young man named John Roulstone wrote the famous beginning verses of the poem, Sarah merely adding extra (and lesser known) verses. Sarah Josepha Hale herself said that the poem was her own composition and was based very roughly on an incident from her own childhood. She also pointed out "the incident of an adopted lamb following a child to school has probably occurred many times." This woodcut, illustrating the story of a blind girl and her pet lamb, is from an 1830's "toy book." Even before Sarah had published her famous poem, however, she had written a novel, Northwood, published in Boston in 1827. Northwood, which was descriptive of New England character and manners, first introduced to the American public what would become one of Sarah’s life- long obsessions: the promotion of the holiday of Thanksgiving. In Northwood, she gave the first detailed description to be found anywhere of this New England tradition: ”The table, covered with a damask cloth, vieing in whiteness, and nearly equaling in texture, the finest imported, though spun, woven and bleached by Mrs. Romilly‟s own hand, was now intended for the whole household, every child having a seat on this occasion; and the more the better, it being considered an honor for a man to sit down to his Thanksgiving dinner surrounded by a large family. The provision is always sufficient for a multitude, every farmer in the country being, at this season of the year, plentifully supplied, and every one proud of displaying his abundance and prosperity. The roasted turkey took precedence on this occasion, being placed at the head of the table; and well did it become its lordly station, sending forth the rich odor of its savory stuffing, and finely covered with the froth of the basting. At the foot of the board, a sirloin of beef, flanked on either side by a leg of pork and loin of mutton, seemed placed as a bastion to defend innumerable bowls of gravy and plates of vegetables disposed in that quarter. A goose and pair of ducklings occupied side stations on the table; the middle being graced, as it always is on such occasions, by that rich burgomaster of the provisions, called a chicken pie. This pie, which is wholly formed of the choicest parts of fowls, enriched and seasoned with a profusion of butter and pepper, and covered with an excellent puff paste, is, like the celebrated pumpkin pie, an indispensable part of a good and true Yankee Thanksgiving; the size of the pie usually denoting the gratitude of the party who prepares the feast. The one now displayed could never have had many peers… Plates of pickles, preserves and butter, and all the necessaries for increasing the seasoning of the viands to the demand of each palate, filled the interstices on the table, leaving hardly sufficient room for the plates of the company, a wine glass and two tumblers for each, with a slice of wheat bread lying on one of the inverted tumblers. A side table was literally loaded with the preparations for the second course, placed there to obviate the necessity of leaving the apartment during the repast… There was a huge plum pudding, custards and pies of every name and description ever known in Yankee land; yet the pumpkin pie occupied the most distinguished niche. There were also several kinds of rich cake, and a variety of sweetmeats and fruits. On the sideboard was ranged a goodly number of decanters and bottles; the former filled with currant wine, and the latter with excellent cider and ginger beer – a beverage Mrs. Romilly prided herself on preparing in perfection.” Although Sarah gives the credit for the “first American Thanksgiving” to the settlers of Massachusetts Bay and not the Pilgrims of Plymouth, she ends her description in this way: "[It] is considered as an appropriate tribute of gratitude to God to set apart one day of Thanksgiving in each year; and autumn is the time when the overflowing garners of America call for this expression of joyful gratitude.” Several years later, in 1835, Sarah Josepha published a book of short stories entitled Traits of American Life. In one of those stories, “The Thanksgiving of the Heart,” she wrote: ”Our good ancestors were wise, even in their mirth. We have a standing proof of this in the season they chose for the celebration of our annual festival, the Thanksgiving. The funeral-faced month of November is thus made to wear a garland of joy… There is a deep moral influence in these periodical seasons of rejoicing, in which a whole community participate. They bring out, and together, as it were, the best sympathies of our nature. The rich contemplate the enjoyments of the poor with complacency, and the poor regard the entertainments of the rich without envy, because all are privileged to be happy in their own way.” In these two books are the beginnings of what would grow to be one of Sarah Josepha Hale’s lifelong crusades. The platform from which she would wage her holy war was that of editor of Godey‟s Lady‟s Book. In 1828, Sarah took on the editorship of the Ladies‟ Magazine of Boston, the first magazine edited for women by a woman. The magazine featured essays, moral fiction and colored fashion plates. A hand-colored fashion plate from the Ladies' Magazine, 1833 In 1837, the Ladies‟ Magazine was united with the Lady‟s Book, a magazine published in Philadelphia by Louis Godey. Sarah became literary editor of the magazine that would become known as Godey‟s Lady‟s Book.