Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Dan Cenderelli USDA Forest Service 1 Stream Systems Technology Center April 2009 5-1 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Acknowledgements Traci Sylte, P.E. Bob Gubernick, P.E. Hydrologist, Engineering Geologist, Lolo NF, Montana Tongass NF, Alaska 2 April 2009 5-2 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Presentation Outline • Watershed Context • Discharge and Channel Characteristics • Channel Characteristics and Fluvial Processes • Channel slope • Channel shape, confinement, entrenchment • Channel planform • Channel slope, shape, and planform • Channel-bed material • Channel bedforms • Channel Classifications • Understanding and Predicting Channel Adjustments/Responses 3 April 2009 5-3 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Feb 2003 Presentation Objectives • A better understanding and appreciation of channel features, fluvial processes, and channel dynamics at a Culvert Characteristics road-stream crossing. • built in late 1950’s • diameter 1.83 m • length 27 m • gradient 2.1 percent June 2007 • Understand the importance of integrating fluvial geomorphology with engineering principles to design a road-stream crossing that contains a Replacement Culvert Characteristics •Bottomless Structure natural and dynamic channel •Span: 5.49 m; Height: 2.25 m through the structure. •Length: 29 m 4 •Design channel gradient: 4.4 percent April 2009 5-4 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Earth’s Surface Is Not Static… Alpine Mt. Everest Glacier Glacial-lake outburst flood Max extent of glaciers 12,000 • Gravity years ago • Wind Pastures, • Water farms •Ice …the agents of change 5 April 2009 5-5 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Presentation Outline • Watershed Context • Discharge and Channel Characteristics • Channel Characteristics and Fluvial Processes • Channel slope • Channel shape, confinement, entrenchment • Channel planform • Channel slope, shape, and planform • Channel bedforms • Channel-bed material • Channel Classifications • Understanding and Predicting Channel Adjustments/Responses 6 April 2009 5-6 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Influence Of Geology, Climate, and Land Use On Fluvial Systems Watershed Scale -runoff volume -sediment supply -basin size -basin shape -drainage density -basin gradient -vegetation type -vegetation density Channel Scale -discharge magnitude, duration, and frequency -channel-bed composition and structure -channel form (width and depth) -channel gradient -sediment transport and deposition 7 April 2009 5-7 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Hydrologic Differences Between Arid and Humid Climates 8 From Knighton (1998) April 2009 5-8 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Relevance of Drainage Pattern to Road-Stream Crossing Designs The downstream delivery of sediment and wood by debris flows 9 from FISRWG (1998) April 2009 5-9 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Relevance of Drainage Pattern to Road- Stream Crossing Designs The downstream delivery of sediment and wood by debris flows (think about runout length) 10 from FISRWG (1998) April 2009 5-10 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design 11 fromFrom Lancaster Lancaster, et al. et (2001) al, 2000 April 2009 5-11 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Relevance of Drainage Shape to Road-Stream Crossing Designs The timing, magnitude, and duration of peak discharge is influenced by drainage shape from Patton (1988) 12 April 2009 5-12 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation portant in Stream Simulation Design l Characteristics Im Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channe Channel Position in Watershed source transport response 13 from FISRWG (1998) Ohio Department of Transportation 5-13 April 2009 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Watershed Position and Geomorphic Processes Aa A,B,G B C,E,F 14 From Montgomery & Buffington, 1993 April 2009 5-14 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Transport Reach Cascade (Aa) channel 15 April 2009 5-15 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Transport Reach Step-pool (B) channel 16 April 2009 5-16 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Response Reach, Pool-Riffle (C) channel 17 April 2009 5-17 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Response Reach, Pool-Riffle (E) channel 18 April 2009 5-18 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Watershed-Scale Processes Watershed-Scale Processes • Floods • Fire • Landslides/Debris Flows What it means to • Debris Torrents the crossing design • Wind Throw • Water Transport • Drought • Anthropogenic Activities/ • Sediment Transport Impacts • Wood Transport • Organism Passage 19 April 2009 5-19 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Spatial Scale of Stream Channels from FISRWG, 1998 20 April 2009 5-20 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Presentation Outline • Watershed Context • Discharge and Channel Characteristics • Channel Characteristics and Fluvial Processes • Channel slope • Channel shape, confinement, entrenchment • Channel planform • Channel slope, shape, and planform • Channel bedforms • Channel-bed material • Channel Classifications • Understanding and Predicting Channel Adjustments/Responses 21 April 2009 5-21 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design Channel-Forming Discharges Q25 yr 2/3 Qbankfull A range of flows (2/3 bankfull to the 25-year flood) are most 22 influential in forming and maintaining the channel April 2009 5-22 USDA-FS: Wayne NF, Eastern Region Ohio Department of Transportation Designing for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings 5. Fluvial Processes and Channel Characteristics Important in Stream Simulation Design What is the Purpose/Significance of Identifying Bankfull Flow Conditions? Q25 year Qbankfull 2/3 Qbankfull • Bankfull discharge is an index of the range of flows that shape the channel and floodplain • Usually