University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 5-31-2007 Beauty, Objectification, and Transcendence: Modernist Aesthetics in The icP ture of Dorian Gray and Pale Fire Deborah S. McLeod University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, and the English Language and Literature Commons Scholar Commons Citation McLeod, Deborah S., "Beauty, Objectification, and Transcendence: Modernist Aesthetics in The icturP e of Dorian Gray and Pale Fire" (2007). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3774 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Beauty, Objectification, and Transcendence: Modernist Aesthetics in The Picture of Dorian Gray and Pale Fire by Deborah S. McLeod A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Susan Mooney, Ph.D. Regina Hewitt, Ph.D. Laura Runge-Gordon, Ph.D. Date of Approval: May 31, 2007 Keywords: aestheticism, Decadence, Symbolism, gaze, Wilde, Nabokov © Copyright 2007, Deborah S. McLeod Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the support of a number of people. I would like to thank my committee members, as well as the other faculty and staff of the university’s English Department, for their advice and guidance. The library staff was very helpful in handling my research needs. My family and friends also deserve special recognition. My mother, Betty McLeod, has been a constant source of love and encouragement through this endeavor. I would also like to thank those friends and colleagues who have offered me both support and a forum for exchanging ideas, especially Daniele Pantano, Ann Basso, and Matthew Antonio. Table of Contents Abstract ii Introduction 1 From Beauty to Objectification 6 Beauty as a Pathway to Transcendence 17 Conclusion 23 Chapter One—Beauty: Human Beings as Aesthetic Objects 25 The Artists: Creators of Beauty 27 The Spectators: Manipulators of Beauty 41 The Objects: Bearing the Burden of Beauty 46 Conclusion 51 Chapter Two—Transcendence: The Rewards of Experiencing Beauty 54 The Artists: Idealists 54 The Spectators: Escapists 65 The Objects: Failed Seekers 73 Conclusion 80 Conclusion 82 Notes Introduction 85 Chapter One—Beauty: Human Beings as Aesthetic Objects 89 Chapter Two—Transcendence: The Rewards of Experiencing 92 Beauty Works Cited 93 i Beauty, Objectification, and Transcendence: Modernist Aesthetics in The Picture of Dorian Gray and Pale Fire Deborah S. McLeod ABSTRACT This study compares the relation between beauty, objectification, and transcendence in two novels: Oscar Wilde’s early-modernist The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) and Vladimir Nabokov’s late-modernist Pale Fire (1962). Though written over half a century apart, the works feature similar critiques of the aesthete’s devotion to beauty. While Wilde’s novel offers an insider’s view of aristocratic Decadence in late- nineteenth-century London, Nabokov’s reflects his early influence from the Russian Symbolists and recalls that tradition in the American suburbs of the mid-twentieth- century. Both novels demonstrate the trust that many modernists held in the ability of beauty to offer transcendence over the limits and suffering of mortal life. Yet they also call attention to the dangers of aesthetic obsession. My study applies the theories of Plato, Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, Vladimir Solovyov, Laura Mulvey, and Steven Drukman to the aesthetic sensibilities presented in the novels. To understand how these ideologies inform the works, I have divided the main characters into three categories—artist, spectator, and aesthetic object. Both Wilde and Nabokov present beauty as a positive force for its ability to provide at least temporary transcendence. The authors also, however, portray the tragic ii consequences of aesthetic objectification. By comparing the two works, I conclude that both highlight the dangers of the aesthete’s obsession with beauty, but only Nabokov’s Pale Fire offers a solution: the need for pity toward those who become the objects of the aesthetic gaze. iii Introduction A comparison of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) and Vladimir Nabokov’s Pale Fire (1962) reveals a startling irony in the portrayals of two central characters: the similar fates of the extraordinarily beautiful Dorian Gray and the exceptionally ugly Hazel Shade. Despite their drastically different appearances, both Dorian and Hazel find their lives governed by their looks, become overwhelmed by despair, and end up killing themselves.1 Notably, both Wilde and Nabokov highlight their respective character’s distinctive trait by introducing it to their readers as the subject of art; we learn about Dorian’s beauty through Basil’s portrait and about Hazel’s unattractiveness through her father’s poem. These artistic presentations establish the characters as aesthetic objects first, thereby calling attention to the pair’s objectification within each text’s diegesis. Recognizing this objectification proves essential to understanding the novels’ aesthetic paradigms because both works present beauty as an otherwise positive force. It serves as a powerful means of transcendence for the other main characters—Wilde’s Basil Hallward, Sibyl Vane, and Lord Henry Wotton, and Nabokov’s John Shade and Charles Kinbote—as they attempt to overcome the limits and pain of mortal existence. Because both beauty and its lack lead to similar tragic consequences for Dorian and Hazel, a comparison of the novels helps to clarify the role of beauty in each. I argue that the two works demonstrate that while beauty is a good and 1 necessary value, aesthetes must also guard against the tendency to treat others as aesthetic objects. In this confluence between beauty, objectification, and transcendence, both novels draw on the aesthetic values of Decadence and Symbolism, art movements that reached their pinnacles around the turn of the twentieth century. Wilde’s Dorian Gray has long been accepted as a principal member of the Decadent canon; the Daily Chronicle’s review of the initial serialized version (1890) describes the work as “a tale spawned from the leprous literature of the French Décadents” (342-43), and, recently (2005), Antony Clayton calls it “the most famous English decadent novel” (41). Wilde published Dorian Gray in novel form at the height of Decadence (1891), and the work reflects his position as a leading figure of that tradition. The novel not only portrays a Decadent lifestyle (aristocrats drowning in ennui and indulging in sensuous pleasures), it also helps define Decadent aesthetics in Wilde’s unique terms, allowing him to criticize the harmful aspects while embracing the positive.2 While Wilde believed that “the aesthetic sense alone [. .] can make people truly good,” he also knew that “an immersion in art, or in aesthetic sensibility, can also make people bad” (Brown 56). Thus, in Dorian Gray Wilde does not denigrate the love of beauty, but he does illustrate a destructive side to aestheticism; as I show in Chapter One, Basil, Sibyl, and Lord Henry all harm themselves and Dorian by treating him as an aesthetic object. The novel, however, also portrays a benefit to aesthetic experience that fin de siècle aesthetes valued: the ability to achieve transcendence. Wilde’s main characters each use beauty as a means of transcendence, either as a way to glimpse the metaphysical world or as a relief from the pain they find inherent in human existence. The results of these attempts vary with each character, but, 2 overall, the novel demonstrates that while aesthetic obsession can be destructive, beauty itself remains a powerful and transformative force. The late-modernist Pale Fire offers a critique of mid-twentieth-century American aesthetics by recalling Decadence. Nabokov’s novel points to this earlier tradition in its brief allusions to three nineteenth-century authors, all of whom were major figures in the movement’s development: Edgar Allan Poe (3.632), Charles Baudelaire (167, 291), and Paul Verlaine (170).3 More significantly for my exploration of the novel’s aesthetics, Pale Fire, like Dorian Gray, illustrates how “the private pursuit of aesthetic bliss can produce cruelty” (Rorty 199). Similar to the way Wilde’s characters use Dorian’s beauty to their own ends—Basil’s “motive in art” (15), Sibyl’s “Prince Charming” (56), or Lord Henry’s “visible symbol” of new Hedonism (23)—so too do Nabokov’s John Shade and Charles Kinbote, because of their aesthetic sensibilities, treat those around them as aesthetic objects. As I discuss in Chapter One, in Shade’s poem, the poet positions his wife’s beauty in direct contrast to his daughter’s ugliness. This aesthetic paradigm reflects the poet’s perception of Sybil Shade as a transcendent muse in opposition to Hazel as a reminder of his own mortality. Likewise, Kinbote’s desire for transcendent beauty leads him to objectify John Shade. The lonely exile looks to his only friend to transform his Zemblan fantasy into reality. By appropriating Shade’s poem, however, Kinbote callously disregards the poet’s work, grief, and death. Richard Rorty accuses Kinbote of a “remorseless pursuit” of “ecstasy [. that] necessarily excludes attention to other people” (217). I suggest that Shade’s aesthetic quest, his desire to find existential meaning through beauty, is equally solipsistic and harmful. 3 Although Pale Fire critiques Decadence in a manner similar to Dorian Gray, Nabokov’s novel, in terms of its aesthetics, also closely evokes the tradition of Russian Symbolism.4 Brian Boyd points out that “Nabokov was in sympathy with all three” of the primary emphases of this genre: “first, the individual as prior to society; second, the independent value of art, [.