Francis Crick - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1/17/12 5:21 PM Francis Crick From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular Francis Crick biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, and most noted for being one of two co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953, together with James D. Watson. He, Watson and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".[1] Francis Crick Crick was an important theoretical molecular biologist and played a crucial role in research Born June 8, 1916 related to revealing the genetic code. He is widely Weston Favell, Northamptonshire, England known for use of the term “central dogma” to Died 28 July 2004 (aged 88) summarize an idea that genetic information flow in San Diego, California, U.S. cells is essentially one-way, from DNA to RNA to Colon cancer [2] protein. Residence UK, U.S. During the remainder of his career, he held the post Nationality British of J.W. Kieckhefer Distinguished Research Fields Physics, Molecular biology Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies Institutions Institute for the Furtherment of Genetic in La Jolla, California. His later research centered Studies on theoretical neurobiology and attempts to advance Alma mater University College London the scientific study of human consciousness. He University of Cambridge remained in this post until his death; "he was editing a manuscript on his death bed, a scientist Doctoral Max Perutz advisor until the bitter end" according to Christof Koch.[3] Known for DNA structure, consciousness Notable Nobel Prize (1962) awards Contents Signature 1 Family and education 2 Biology research 2.1 1949–1950 2.2 1951–1953: DNA structure 2.3 Molecular biology 3 Controversy about using King's http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick Page 1 of 26 Francis Crick - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1/17/12 5:21 PM College London's results 4 Views on religion 5 Directed panspermia 6 Neuroscience, other interests 7 Reactions to Crick and his work 7.1 Eugenics 7.2 Creationism 8 Recognition 8.1 The Francis Crick Prize Lectures at The Royal Society, London 8.2 The Francis Crick Institute 8.3 The Francis Crick Graduate Lectures at the University of Cambridge 8.4 Other Honors 9 Books by Francis Crick 10 Books with references to Francis Crick and the structure of DNA discovery 11 See also 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Crick papers 13.2 Hear or see Crick 13.3 About his work 13.4 About his life 13.5 Miscellaneous Family and education Francis Crick was the first son of Harry Crick (1887–1948) and Annie Elizabeth Crick, née Wilkins, (1879– 1955). He was born and raised in Weston Favell, then a small village near the English town of Northampton in which Crick’s father and uncle ran the family’s boot and shoe factory. His grandfather, Walter Drawbridge Crick (1857–1903), an amateur naturalist, wrote a survey of local foraminifera (single-celled protists with shells), corresponded with Charles Darwin,[4] and had two gastropods (snails or slugs) named after him. At an early age, Francis was attracted to science and what he could learn about it from books. As a child, he was taken to church by his parents, but by about age 12 he said he didn't want to go anymore, preferring a scientific search for answers over religious belief.[5] He was educated at Northampton Grammar School and, after the age of 14, Mill Hill School in London (on scholarship), where he studied mathematics, physics, and chemistry with his best friend John Shilston. He shared the Walter Knox Prize for Chemistry on Foundation Day, Friday, 7 July 1933. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick Page 2 of 26 Francis Crick - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1/17/12 5:21 PM At the age of 21 Crick earned a B.Sc. degree in physics from University College London.[6] Crick had failed to gain a place at a Cambridge college, probably through failing their requirement for Latin. Crick later became a PhD student and Honorary Fellow of Caius College and mainly worked at the Cavendish Laboratory and the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. He was also an Honorary Fellow of Churchill College and of University College, London. Crick began a Ph.D. research project on measuring viscosity of water at high temperatures (which he later described as "the dullest problem imaginable"[7]) in the laboratory of physicist Edward Neville da Costa Andrade at University College, London, but with the outbreak of World War II (in particular, an incident during the Battle of Britain when a bomb fell through the roof of the laboratory and destroyed his experimental apparatus),[8] Crick was deflected from a possible career in physics. During World War II, he worked for the Admiralty Research Laboratory, from which emerged a group of many notable scientists, including David Bates, Robert Boyd, George Deacon, John Gunn, Harrie Massey and Nevill Mott; he worked on the design of magnetic and acoustic mines and was instrumental in designing a new mine that was effective against German minesweepers.[9] After World War II, in 1947, Crick began studying biology and became part of an important migration of physical scientists into biology research. This migration was made possible by the newly won influence of physicists such as Sir John Randall, who had helped win the war with inventions such as radar. Crick had to adjust from the "elegance and deep simplicity" of physics to the "elaborate chemical mechanisms that natural selection had evolved over billions of years." He described this transition as, "almost as if one had to be born again." According to Crick, the experience of learning physics had taught him something important—hubris— and the conviction that since physics was already a success, great advances should also be possible in other sciences such as biology. Crick felt that this attitude encouraged him to be more daring than typical biologists who tended to concern themselves with the daunting problems of biology and not the past successes of physics. For the better part of two years, Crick worked on the physical properties of cytoplasm at Cambridge's Strangeways Laboratory, headed by Honor Bridget Fell, with a Medical Research Council studentship, until he joined Max Perutz and John Kendrew at the Cavendish Laboratory. The Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge was under the general direction of Sir Lawrence Bragg, who won the Nobel Prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Bragg was influential in the effort to beat a leading American chemist, Linus Pauling, to the discovery of DNA's structure (after having been 'pipped-at-the-post' by Pauling's success in determining the alpha helix structure of proteins). At the same time Bragg's Cavendish Laboratory was also effectively competing with King's College London, whose Biophysics department was under the direction of Sir John Randall. (Randall had turned down Francis Crick from working at King's College.) Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins of King's College were personal friends, which influenced subsequent scientific events as much as the close friendship between Crick and James Watson. Crick and Wilkins first met at King's College and not, as erroneously recorded by two authors, at the Admiralty during World War II. He married twice, was father to three children and grandfather to six grandchildren; his brother Anthony (born in 1918) predeceased him in 1966 [10] Spouses: Ruth Doreen Crick, née Dodd (b. 1913, m. 18 February 1940 – 8 May 1947), now Mrs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick Page 3 of 26 Francis Crick - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1/17/12 5:21 PM James Stewart Potter; Odile Crick, née Speed (b. 11 August 1920, m. 14 August 1949 – 28 July 2004, d. 5 July 2007) Children: Michael Francis Compton (b. 25 November 1940) [by Doreen Crick]; Gabrielle Anne (b. 15 July 1951) and Jacqueline Marie-Therese [later Nichols] (b. 12 March 1954, d. 28 February 2011) [by Odile Crick]; Grandchildren: Alexander (b. March 1974), Kindra (b. May 1976), Camberley (b. June 1978), and Francis (b. February 1981), Michael & Barbara Crick's children; Mark & Nicholas, Jacqueline and Christopher Nichols' children.[11] Crick died of colon cancer on 28 July 2004 at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Thornton Hospital in La Jolla; he was cremated and his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean. A public memorial was held on 27 September 2004 at The Salk Institute, La Jolla, near San Diego, California; guest speakers included James D. Watson, Sydney Brenner, Alex Rich, the late Seymour Benzer, Aaron Klug, Christof Koch, Pat Churchland, Vilayanur Ramachandran, Tomaso Poggio, the late Leslie Orgel, Terry Sejnowski, his son Michael Crick, and his youngest daughter the late Jacqueline Nichols.[12] A private memorial for family and colleagues had already been held on 3 August 2004. Biology research Crick was interested in two fundamental unsolved problems of Francis Crick biology. First, how molecules make the transition from the non-living Discovery of the DNA Double Helix to the living, and second, how the brain makes a conscious mind.[13] He realized that his background made him more qualified for research on the first topic and the field of biophysics. It was at this time of Crick’s transition from physics into biology that he was influenced by both Linus Pauling and Erwin Schrödinger.[14] It was clear in theory that covalent bonds in biological molecules could provide the structural stability needed to hold genetic information in cells.