INSECT CONSERVATION BIOLOGY This page intentionally left blank INSECT CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society’s 23rd Symposium Edited by A.J.A. Stewart Department of Biology and Environmental Science University of Sussex Brighton, UK T.R. New Department of Zoology La Trobe University Melbourne, Australia O.T. Lewis Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford, UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: + 44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: + 1 617 395 4056 Fax: + 44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: + 1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org ©The Royal Entomological Society 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington, DC. ISBN: 978 1 84593 254 1 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors vii Introduction xi 1 Insect Conservation in Temperate Biomes: Issues, 1 Progress and Prospects Alan J.A. Stewart and Timothy R. New 2 Insect Conservation in Tropical Forests 34 Owen T. Lewis and Yves Basset 3 The Conservation Value of Insect Breeding Programmes: 57 Rationale, Evaluation Tools and Example Programme Case Studies Paul Pearce-Kelly, Randy Morgan, Patrick Honan, Paul Barrett, Lou Perrotti, Mitchell Magdich, Bexell Ayyachamy Daniel, Erin Sullivan, Ko Veltman, Dave Clarke, Trevor Moxey and Warren Spencer 4 What Have Red Lists Done for Us? The Values and 76 Limitations of Protected Species Listing for Invertebrates Martin S. Warren, Nigel Bourn, Tom Brereton, Richard Fox, Ian Middlebrook and Mark S. Parsons 5 Species Conservation and Landscape Management: 92 A Habitat Perspective Roger L.H. Dennis, Tim G. Shreeve and David A. Sheppard 6 Implementing Ecological Networks for Conserving Insect 127 and Other Biodiversity Michael J. Samways v vi Contents 7 Insects and Bioindication: Theory and Progress 144 Melodie A. McGeoch 8 Insect Populations in Fragmented Habitats 175 Ilkka Hanski and Juha Pöyry 9 Monitoring Biodiversity: Measuring Long-term Changes 203 in Insect Abundance Kelvin F. Conrad, Richard Fox and Ian P. Woiwod 10 The Conservation of Ecological Interactions 226 Jane Memmott, Rachel Gibson, Luisa Gigante Carvalheiro, Kate Henson, Rúben Hüttel Heleno, Martha Lopezaraiza Mikel and Sarina Pearce 11 Insects and Climate Change: Processes, Patterns and 245 Implications for Conservation Robert J. Wilson, Zoe G. Davies and Chris D. Thomas 12 Conservation Genetics for Insects 280 David J. Thompson, Phillip C. Watts and Ilik J. Saccheri 13 Broadening Benefits to Insects from Wider 301 Conservation Agendas Timothy R. New 14 The Extinction of Experience: A Threat to 322 Insect Conservation? Oliver D. Cheesman and Roger S. Key 15 Insects as Providers of Ecosystem Services: Crop 349 Pollination and Pest Control Claire Kremen and Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer 16 Insect Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes 383 Teja Tscharntke, Jason M. Tylianakis, Mark R. Wade, Steve D. Wratten, Janne Bengtsson and David Kleijn 17 Genetically Modified Crops and Insect Conservation 405 Ian P. Woiwod and Tanja H. Schuler 18 Insect Conservation: Progress and Prospects 431 Owen T. Lewis, Timothy R. New and Alan J.A. Stewart Taxonomic Index 437 General Index 443 Contributors Paul Barrett, Butterfly Creek, Tom Pearce Drive, PO Box 201 097, Auckland, New Zealand. [email protected] Yves Basset, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama City, Republic of Panama. [email protected] Janne Bengtsson, Department of Entomology (Landscape Ecology), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, SE-750-07 Uppsala, Sweden. [email protected] Nigel Bourn, Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK. [email protected] Tom Brereton, Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK. [email protected] Luisa Gigante Carvalheiro, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. [email protected] Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer, Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rchaplin@ nature.berkeley.edu Oliver D. Cheesman, 108 Cholmeley Road, Reading, Berkshire RG1 3LY, UK. [email protected] Dave Clarke, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. [email protected] Kelvin F. Conrad, Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. [email protected]; Current address: Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada. vii viii Contributors Bexell Ayyachamy Daniel, Zoo Outreach Organisation, PO Box 1683, Peelamedu, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu, 641004, India. [email protected] Zoe G. Davies, Biodiversity and Macroecology Group (BIOME), Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. [email protected] Roger L.H. Dennis, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE28 2LS, UK; and Institute for Environment, Sustainability and Regeneration, Mellor Building, Staffordshire University, College Road, Stoke on Trent ST4 2DE, UK. [email protected] Richard Fox, Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK. [email protected] Rachel Gibson, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. [email protected] Ilkka Hanski, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, FIN-00014, Finland. [email protected] Rúben Hüttel Heleno, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. [email protected] Kate Henson, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. [email protected] Patrick Honan, Zoos Victoria, PO Box 74, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. [email protected] Roger S. Key, Natural England, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA, UK. [email protected] David Kleijn, Former address: Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Bornsesteeg 69, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands. Current address: Alterra, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. [email protected] Claire Kremen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ckremen@nature. berkeley.edu Owen T. Lewis, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. [email protected] Mitchell Magdich, The Toledo Zoo, PO Box 140130, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. [email protected] Melodie A. McGeoch, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. [email protected] Contributors ix Jane Memmott, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. [email protected] Ian Middlebrook, Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK. [email protected] Martha Lopezaraiza Mikel, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. [email protected] Randy Morgan, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine St, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA. [email protected] Trevor Moxey, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. [email protected] Timothy R. New, Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia. [email protected] Mark S. Parsons, Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK. [email protected] Sarina Pearce, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. [email protected] Paul Pearce-Kelly, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. [email protected] Lou Perrotti, Roger Williams Park Zoo, Roger Williams Park, Elmwood Ave, Providence, RI 02905, USA. [email protected] Juha Pöyry, Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, Helsinki, FIN-00251, Finland. [email protected] Ilik J. Saccheri, Population and Evolutionary Biology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. [email protected] Michael J. Samways, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology and Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. [email protected] Tanja H. Schuler, Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. [email protected] David A. Sheppard, Natural England, Northminster House, Northminster Road, Peterborough PE1 1UA, UK. [email protected] Tim G. Shreeve, School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK. [email protected] Warren Spencer, Clifton