AlAbAmA CUrrICUlUm GUIDE TO ThE STAnDArDS : S CIEnCE GrADES K-12 Philip C. Cleveland, Ed.D., Interim State Superintendent of Education Alabama State Department of Education · August 2016 This project is supported by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP). Opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the position of the U.S. Department of Education. CURRICULUM GUIDE TO THE ALABAMA COURSE OF STUDY: SCIENCE K-12 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... ii INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 ORGANIZATION OF THE CURRICULUM GUIDE ......................................................... 2 ESSENTIALS COURSES FOR HIGH SCHOOL CREDIT ..........................................3 SCIENCE CONTENT STANDARDS AND INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES, GRADES K-8 Grade K ................................................................................................................................................................4 Grade 1 ......................................................................................................................................7 Grade 2 ......................................................................................................................................10 Grade 3 ......................................................................................................................................14 Grade 4 ......................................................................................................................................19 Grade 5 ......................................................................................................................................24 Grade 6 ......................................................................................................................................30 Grade 7 .................................................................................................................................36 Grade 8 ......................................................................................................................................42 Physical Science ........................................................................................................................49 Biology .......................................................................................................................................54 Chemistry ..................................................................................................................................60 Physics ........................................................................................................................................64 Human Anatomy & Physiology .........................................................................................67 Earth & Space Science ........................................................................................................72 Environmental Science .......................................................................................................77 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................................................82 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 95 Curriculum Guide to the Alabama Course of Study: Science i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document was developed by the 2015-2016 Curriculum Guide to the Alabama Course of Study Science Task Force composed of elementary, middle, and high school personnel, and parent members. The Task Force began the document in December 2015. Rachel Barton, Parent, Mountain Brook City Schools Karen Bonds, General Education Teacher, Autauga County Schools Nancy Bryant Caffee, 7th & 8th Grade Science Teacher, Blount County Schools Dawn J. Ellis, Special Education Teacher, Montgomery Public Schools Lisa M. Heard, Special Education Coordinator, Tallapoosa County Schools Kimberly Kozak, General Education Teacher, Autauga County Schools Angie Lemmond, Special Education Teacher, Houston County Schools Patrice Maxwell, General Education Teacher, Gadsden City Schools Kelly J. Morton, General Education Teacher, Blount County Schools DonReita E. Nelson, 7th Grade Science Teacher, Tuscaloosa County Schools Bernita F. Patterson-Ryan, General Education Teacher, Montgomery Public Schools Diane Prothro, 6th Grade Science Teacher, Montgomery County Schools Rebecca B. Smith, Special Education Teacher, Blount County Schools ChaRissa A. Stephens, 6th Grade Science Teacher, Gadsden City Schools Angela V. Wallace-Washington, 9th Grade Biology Teacher, Shelby County Schools Kay A. Williams, Special Education Teacher, Blount County Schools Sherri A. Williams, Special Education Teacher, Covington County Schools Alabama State Department of Education personnel who managed the development process were: Philip C. Cleveland, Ed.D., Interim State Superintendent of Education Crystal Richardson, Program Coordinator, Special Education Services Alicia Hodge, Education Administrator, Special Education Services Cindy Augustine, Education Specialist, Special Education Services The State Department of Education Process Specialists who assisted the Task Force in developing the document were: Diann Jones, Education Specialist, Special Education Services Curtis Gage, Education Specialist, Special Education Services Thank you is extended to Michal Robinson, Ed.D., Alabama State Department of Education, Education Specialist-Science and AP, Instructional Services Section, for assisting in the development of the guide, proofing the document, and providing important editorial comments; and to Charles Creel, Graphic Arts Specialist, Communication Section, for assisting in the development of the graphic design. Curriculum Guide to the Alabama Course of Study: Science ii Introduction The Curriculum Guide to the Alabama Course of Study: Science is a companion document to the 2015 Alabama Course of Study: Science, for Grades K-12. Content standards contained within the course of study document may be accessed on the Alabama State Department of Education (ALSDE) Web site at www.alsde.edu. On the home page, click on Sections, scroll down to select Curriculum and Instruction. Click on Publications, scroll down to Courses of Study, and click on Science. Educators are reminded that content standards indicate minimum content—what all students should know and be able to do by the end of each grade level or course. Local school systems may have additional instructional or achievement expectations and may provide instructional guidelines that address content sequence, review, and remediation. The Curriculum Guide to the Alabama Course of Study: Science prepares students for study of the grade-level and course content standards through the teaching of prerequisite and enabling skills necessary for learning each content standard. This allows students to work toward grade- level and course content standards while working at individual ability levels. By identifying the prerequisites and enabling skills for each standard, teachers may plan instruction to address the achievement gap experienced by some students while still working with all students toward achievement of the grade-level standards. It should be noted that the Curriculum Guide to the Alabama Course of Study: Science is not a chronological list of learning targets nor a sequence of instruction, but rather a guide to assist students in learning content in smaller increments, catching up on content they may have missed in previous years, and/or reviewing content related to grade- level academic standards. The Curriculum Guide to the Alabama Course of Study: Science may be accessed at alex.state.al.us/specialed/curriculum.html. Educators are encouraged to use the curriculum guide to: Allow for Problem Solving Teams (PSTs) to plan for response to intervention/instructional strategies Assist in development of Individual Educational Programs (IEPs) annual goals and services Prepare for collaborative teaching Design tutorial programs Plan for instructional groupings Plan for parent information and conferences Develop curriculum-based assessments for use in determining mastery of needed prerequisite skills Prepare for state assessments by building prerequisite and enabling skills Develop lesson plans for differentiated instruction . Curriculum Guide to the Alabama Course of Study: Science 1 Organization of the Curriculum Guide The organizational components of this guide include content standards and instructional objectives. Examples may be embedded within certain content standards and objectives to provide clarification. Content Standards are statements found in the Alabama Course of Study: Science that define what all students should know and be able to do at the conclusion of a grade level or course. Content Standards contain minimum required content and complete the phrase “Students will.” Content standards are also found in the Curriculum Guide to the Alabama Course of Study: Science to indicate the standard for which each objective is a prerequisite or enabling skill. Content Standards for a grade level or course are clearly written, reasonable, measurable, developmentally appropriate, and sufficiently rigorous to enable Alabama students