Notes Introduction 1. Angela V. John, Elizabeth Robins: Staging a Life, 1862–1952 (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 75. 2. Stevie Davies, ‘Introduction’, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (London: Penguin, 2003), pp. viii–xxx (p. xx). 3. Habits of Good Society: A Handbook of Etiquette for Ladies and Gentlemen (New York: Carleton, 1864), p. 213. 4. The Gentleman’s Book of Manners (c. 1881), p. 86. 5. Andrew Dowling, Manliness and the Male Novelist in Victorian Literature (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), p. 22. 6. Men of Blood: Violence, Manliness and Criminal Justice in Victorian England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 35. 7. Teresa Billington-Greig, ‘The Truth about White Slavery’, English Review, June (1913), 428–446 (p. 444). 8. John Stuart Mill, ‘The Subjection of Women’ in On Liberty and Other Essays (Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 1991), p. 493. 9. Kim Stevenson, ‘Women and Young Girls Dare not Travel Alone’, Gendered Journeys, Mobile Emotions (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), 189–200, (p. 193). 10. Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’Urbervilles; A Pure Woman (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 2000), p. 69. 11. Alfred Chichele Plowden, Grain or Chaff? The Autobiography of a Police Magistrate (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1903), p. 34. 12. Sally Mitchell, The New Girl: Girls’ Culture in England 1880–1915 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), p. 9. 13. ‘A dangerous novel’ – see Wilfred Whitten’s mawkish review in ‘Review: Ann Veronica’, T.P.’s Weekly, 14 (1909), 537–538, in Patrick Parrinder’s, H G Wells: The Critical Heritage (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 160–164 (p. 162). 14. He has his modern equivalents in everyday life. A young, female commuter describes feeling ‘a sharp prick in [her] derriere’ and discovers that a man has cut a hole in her dress. Celia Smit, ‘This Freak Had a Pair of Scissors’, London Paper, 25 September 2008, p. 28. 15. Caird on sexual lust in men, The Morality of Marriage and Other Essays on the Status and Destiny of Woman (London: George Redway, 1897), p. 225. 16. ‘The Adventure of the Final Problem’, The Penguin Complete Sherlock Holmes (London: Penguin, 1981), p. 471. 17. H. G. Wells, Letter: ‘To the Editor, Spectator’, 1 December 1909, in The Correspondence of H. G. Wells: 1904–1918, ed. by David C. Smith, 4 vols (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1998), 2, p. 265. 18. Stephen Kern, Eyes of Love: The Gaze in English and French Paintings and Novels, 1840–1900, (London: Reaktion Books, 1996). 158 Notes 159 19. Michelle Stacey, ‘How a Date Rapist Works’, Cosmopolitan, June (2008), 148–152 (p. 152). This term is attributed to David Lisak of the University of Massachusetts at Boston. 20. Stead, ‘The Book of the Month’, “The Woman Who Did” by G. Allen, Review of Reviews, 11 (1895), 177–190, (p. 177). 1 On the Street 1. These include The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the Fin de Siècle (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), p. 155. Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (London: Virago, 1992); Deborah Epstein-Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets: Women, Representation, and the City (London and Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995). 2. Deborah Epstein-Nord quotes Virginia Woolf in Walking the Victorian Streets, p. 4. Jeanette Marshall in Suzanna Shonfield, The Precariously Privileged: A Professional Family in Victorian London (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 44, 50, 51 quoted in Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight, p. 52. 3. Helena M. Swanwick, I Have Been Young (London: Victor Gollancz, 1935), p. 82. The controversial theory that Sickert was involved in the Whitechapel Murders has famously been propounded in Patricia Cornwell’s, Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper – Case Closed (2002). 4. Laurence Housman, Sex-War and Woman’s Suffrage: A Lecture Given By Laurence Housman, 7 May 1912, pp. 44–45, kept in David Mitchell’s notes for his book, Queen Christabel: A Biography of Christabel Pankhurst (London: Macdonald and Jane’s, 1977), Museum of London. 5. Gentleman’s Book of Manners, pp. 28–33. 6. Deborah L. Parsons, Streetwalking the Metropolis: Women, the City, and Modernity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 6. 7. Mark Turner, Backwards Glances: Cruising Queer Streets in London and New York (London: Reaktion, 2003). 8. Charles Dickens, Bleak House (London: Everyman, 1994), p. 157. 9. Beatrice Violet Greville, Vignettes of a Memory (London: Hutchison, 1927), p. 149. 10. Elizabeth Robins, Both Sides of the Curtain (London: Heinemann, 1940), pp. 164–168. 11. Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (Harmondsworth: Penguin Freud Library, 1986), p. 52n.) in Sylvia Hardy, ‘Introduction’ Ann Veronica (London: Everyman, 1993), pp. xxix–xlv (p. xlv). 12. Dinah Mulock Craik, A Woman’s Thoughts about Women (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1858), p. 78. 13. Habits of Good Society, pp. 313–316. 14. Habits of Good Society, p. 316. 15. Eliza Lynn Linton, ‘Out Walking’, Temple Bar, 5 (1862), 132–141 (p. 138). 16. Ruth Slate’s diary, 10 June 1908, reprinted in Tierl Thompson, ed., Dear Girl: The Diaries and Letters of Two Working Women 1897–1917 (London: The Women’s Press, 1987), pp. 117–118. 17. East London Observer, 11 August 1888, p. 5. 160 Notes 18. Elaine Freedgood, Victorian Writing about Risk: Imaging a Safe England in a Dangerous World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 118–121. 2 Danger en Route 1. My Little Sister, Act I, p. 24, Series 6, Box 74, 12–15, Fales Library and Special Collections, New York University. 2. Kim Stevenson on Spectator report of 9 January 1864, in her article, ‘Women and Young Girls Dare not Travel Alone’, pp. 192–193. 3. The Times, 25 June 1875, p. 11. All subsequent quotations on this case are derived from this page. 4. ‘The Mouse’ (1910) by ‘Saki’ humorously discusses railway etiquette. Theodoric Voler endeavours with great shame to rid himself of a mouse in his clothing in front of a lady, not knowing that she is blind. The Valentine Baker story elements are also here, including an old-fashioned train with no connecting corridor, and a middle-aged man on arriving at the destination in a somewhat dishevelled state. 5. Lancaster Gazette, 14 August 1875, p. 7. 6. Kim Stevenson on Pearsall’s depiction of Kate in Ronald Pearsall’s The Worm in the Bud: The World of Victorian Sexuality (London: Penguin, 1969), pp. 398–399, in Stevenson, ‘Women and Young Girls Dare not Travel Alone’, p. 199. 7. Pamela Gerrish Nunn, ‘Fine Art and the Fan 1860–1930’, Journal of Design History, 17 (2004), 251–266. 8. See in particular Lynda Nead’s discussion of the symbolism of flowers in ‘Seduction, Prostitution, Suicide: On the Brink by Alfred Elmore’, Art History 5 (1982), 310–22. 9. Virginia Blain, ‘Sexual Politics of the (Victorian Closet); or, No Sex Please – We’re Poets’, Women’s Poetry, Late Romantic to Late Victorian, Gender and Genre: 1830–1900, ed. by Isobel Armstrong and Virginia Blain (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 135–163. 10. Nineteenth-century journalists sometimes described the tanto as a dagger-fan but it is clear from the description that they are referring to a tanto. For example, the Girl’s Own Paper writes that ‘the most deadly instrument doubtless is the dagger fan in its polished case of laquer’. Girl’s Own Paper, 30 June 1894, p. 623. 11. Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine, 17 (1874), p. 325. The illustration is on p. 317 of the same volume. The picture is repeated in Harper’s Bazar, 22 May 1875 p. 332. <http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/h/hearth/browse/ title/4732809.html#1878>[accessed 20 October 2011] I am very grateful to Mrs Alexander of The Fan Museum for telling me about the tanto and the dagger and pistol fans. The dagger-fan is classed as an ‘éventail armé’ in Maryse Volet’s, L’Imagination au Service de L’Éventail: Les Brevets Déposés en France au 19ème Siècle (Privately published, 1986), p. 199. As Hélène Alexander points out, the dagger-fan also appeared in La Mode Illustrée, Journal de la Famille, 1874, The Fan Museum, p. 354. See Hélène Alexander, The Costume Accessories Series: Fans (London: B. T. Batsford, 1984), p. 62. Notes 161 A variation on the novelty fan theme was also the pistol-fan, which could be decorated in American colours. Cynthia Fendel, Novelty Hand Fans: Fashionable, Functional, Fun Accessories of the Past (Dallas: Hand Fan Productions, 2006). 12. Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine, 1 February 1875, p. 110. 13. The Treasury of Literature and the Ladies’ Treasury, 1 August 1874, p. 108. 3 Behind Closed Doors in Mona Caird’s The Wing of Azrael (1889) 1. William Wallace, ‘New Novels: Review: The Wing of Azrael’, Academy, 25 May 1889, 355–356 (p. 355). 2. Annie S. Swan, My Life (London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson, 1934), p. 71. 3. For more biographical information on Caird see Ann Heilmann, ‘Mona Caird (1854–1932): Wild Woman, New Woman, and Early Radical Feminist Critic of Marriage and Motherhood’, Women’s History Review, 5 (1996), 67–95. 4. Mona Caird, The Morality of Marriage and Other Essays on the Status and Destiny of Woman (London: George Redway, 1897), p. 69. 5. See Bleak Houses, and Lyn Pykett, ‘The Cause of Women and the Course of Fiction: The Case of Mona Caird’, in Gender Roles and Sexuality in Victorian Literature, ed. by Christopher Parker, p. 133. 6. ‘The Wing of Azrael: Review’, The Literary World, 20 (6 July 1889), p. 225. 7. Lavater, Johann Caspar, Essays on Physiognomy, trans. by Thomas Holcroft (London: Ward, Lock and Co., c. 1885), pp. 401 and 395.