The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study Author(s): Christopher P. Krebs, Ph.D. ; Christine H. Lindquist, Ph.D. ; Tara D. Warner, M.A. ; Bonnie S. Fisher, Ph.D. ; Sandra L. Martin, Ph.D. Document No.: 221153 Date Received: December 2007 Award Number: 2004-WG-BX-0010 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. October 2007 The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study Final Report NIJ Grant No. 2004-WG-BX-0010 Performance Period: January 2005 through December 2007 Prepared for National Institute of Justice 810 Seventh Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 Prepared by Christopher P. Krebs, Ph.D. Christine H. Lindquist, Ph.D. Tara D. Warner, M.A. RTI International 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Bonnie S. Fisher, Ph.D. University of Cincinnati Sandra L. Martin, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill RTI Project Number 0209487 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study Final Report NIJ Grant No. 2004-WG-BX-0010 Performance Period: January 2005 through December 2007 Prepared for National Institute of Justice 810 Seventh Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 Prepared by Christopher P. Krebs, Ph.D. Christine H. Lindquist, Ph.D. Tara D. Warner, M.A. RTI International 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Bonnie S. Fisher, Ph.D. University of Cincinnati Sandra L. Martin, Ph.D. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill *RTI International is a trade name of Research Triangle Institute. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Table of Contents Section Page Abstract: vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii 1. Introduction 1-1 1.1 A Typology of Sexual Assault ................................................................... 1-3 1.1.1 Incapacitated Sexual Assault.......................................................... 1-4 2. Background 2-1 2.1 Prevalence Estimates for Sexual Assault Victimization.................................. 2-1 2.2 The Context of Campus Sexual Assault...................................................... 2-3 2.3 Risk Factors Associated with Sexual Assault ............................................... 2-5 2.3.1 Prior Victimization ........................................................................ 2-5 2.3.2 Substance Use ............................................................................. 2-6 2.3.3 Age and Year of Study .................................................................. 2-7 2.3.4 Race/Ethnicity.............................................................................. 2-7 2.3.5 Residential Status ........................................................................ 2-7 2.3.6 Sorority Membership..................................................................... 2-7 2.3.7 Dating Violence History ................................................................. 2-8 2.3.8 Consensual Sexual Experiences ...................................................... 2-8 2.3.9 Attitudinal Characteristics .............................................................. 2-8 2.4 Reporting of Sexual Assault ..................................................................... 2-9 2.5 Perpetration of Campus Sexual Assault.....................................................2-11 3. Research Methods 3-1 3.1 Data Collection ...................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Sampling .................................................................................... 3-2 3.1.2 Recruitment Procedures and Response Rates.................................... 3-2 3.1.3 Web Site and Survey Design and Content ........................................ 3-2 3.1.4 Incentive Redemption ................................................................... 3-5 3.2 Data Handling........................................................................................ 3-6 iii This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 3.2.1 Data Preparation and Cleaning ....................................................... 3-6 3.2.2 Response Bias Analyses ................................................................ 3-7 3.3 Data Analysis .......................................................................................3-10 3.3.1 Descriptive Analyses ....................................................................3-10 3.3.2 Risk Factors for Sexual Assault......................................................3-13 4. Study Sample 4-1 4.1 Women................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Men ..................................................................................................... 4-1 5. Findings 5-1 5.1 Sexual Assault Victimization .................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Prevalence Estimates .................................................................... 5-1 5.1.2 Risk Factors Associated with Sexual Assault Among University Women ....................................................................................... 5-6 5.1.3 Context......................................................................................5-14 5.1.4 Reporting and Nonreporting ..........................................................5-21 5.1.5 Consequences.............................................................................5-26 5.2 Sexual Assault Perpetration ....................................................................5-27 6. Conclusion and Recommendations 6-1 6.1 Summary of Findings.............................................................................. 6-1 6.2 CSA Study Implications........................................................................... 6-3 6.3 CSA Study Limitations ............................................................................ 6-6 6.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 6-7 7. Future Directions 7-1 References 1 iv This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. List of Exhibits Exhibit Page 1-1. Basic Sexual Assault Typology ...................................................................... 1-7 3-1. Diagram of Sampling Frames, Sampling Subframes, Samples, and Respondents .............................................................................................. 3-3 3-2. Sexual Assault Prevalence Measures .............................................................3-12 4-1. Descriptive Data on CSA Sample of Undergraduate Women, Weighted Percentages (n = 5,446)a ............................................................................. 4-2 4-2. Descriptive Data on CSA Sample of Undergraduate Men, Weighted Percentages (n = 1,375)a ............................................................................. 4-4 5-1. Prevalence Estimates for the Sexual Assault Measures for Women, Unweighted Frequencies, Weighted Percentages .............................................. 5-2 5-2. Percentage of Undergraduate Women Who Report Being a Victim of Forced and Incapacitated Sexual Assault Before and Since Entering College................... 5-3 5-3. Percentage of Victims of Physically Forced and Incapacitated Sexual Assault Who Experienced Sexual Battery Only and Rape .............................................. 5-4 5-4. Prevalence Estimates for the Sexual Assault Measures for Men, Unweighted Frequencies, Weighted Percentages ............................................................... 5-6 5-5. Prevalence of Various Measures of Sexual Assault Within Demographic and Behavioral Factors for Undergraduate Women (n = 5,361)a ............................... 5-8 5-6. Logistic Regression Models of Four Sexual Assault Measures (n = 4,646)a ..........5-11 5-7. Percentage of Victims (by Sexual Assault [SA] Type) Reporting Various Victimization