SYMBIOSIS: Adaptations within Dutch Architecture and Urban Planning Practices in Response to a Changing Climate NAP Michael Thomas Mitchell, LEED AP BD+C Cover Image: Aerial Image of de Ronde Venne (Google Earth) and a diagram Illustrating Typical Water-adaptive Typologies. SYMBIOSIS: Adaptations within Dutch Architecture and Urban Planning Practices in Response to a Changing Climate NAP Michael Thomas Mitchell, LEED AP BD+C A New Delta Committee ............................................................................. 32 Table of Contents ABC Delfland and Visie Greenport Westland 2020 ..................................... 33 EMBRACING THE FUTURE ........................................................ VII Restoring Nature ........................................................................................ 34 Ruimte voor de Rivier (Room for the River) ............................................... 36 CHAPTER 1: MAKING LAND FROM WATER ............................ 1 Superimposing Red, Green and Blue........................................................... 38 The National Spatial Strategy ..................................................................... 38 Building the Netherlands ............................................................................. 4 Early Settlers ................................................................................................. 4 Restructuring National Water Management ............................................... 39 Terp ............................................................................................................... 5 Dikes and Polders ......................................................................................... 5 Maasvlankte II and the Slufter .................................................................... 43 Lake-bed Polders .......................................................................................... 9 Reclaiming the Sea ...................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 4: ADAPTIVE LIVING ................................................ 45 Transforming the Coast .............................................................................. 10 Water Adaptive Techniques ....................................................................... 45 A Mechanized Coastline ............................................................................. 11 Dry-Proofed and Wet-Proofed Buildings .................................................... 46 Shore-side Buildings ................................................................................... 47 The Delta Works: Restructuring the Coastline ............................................ 14 Sites with High Water Tables ...................................................................... 48 Elevated Buildings ....................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 2: RISING PRESSURE ................................................ 19 Buoyant Buildings ....................................................................................... 49 Infrastructural Obstacles ............................................................................ 19 Inadequate Dikes ........................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 5: BUILDING WITH WATER ................................... 57 Continuous Coastal Erosion ........................................................................ 21 Private Practices ......................................................................................... 57 Sediment Build-up ...................................................................................... 22 Waterstudio - interviewed Koen Olthuis .................................................... 57 Floods and Droughts ................................................................................... 24 Attika Architecten – interviewed Rickard van der Plas ............................... 59 Limited Land for Urban Expansion .............................................................. 26 Dura Vermeer – interviewed Chris Zevenbergen ....................................... 60 Changing Course ........................................................................................ 27 Deltasync – interviewed Karina Czapiewska ............................................... 61 Water Architect van Buren – interviewed Bart van Buren ......................... 63 Creating the Randstad ................................................................................ 28 Research and Guidelines ............................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 3: NEW DIRECTIONS ................................................ 31 Preemptive Defense ................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 6: WATER ADAPTIVE PROJECTS .......................... 67 Global Implications ................................................................................... 104 Flooding and Drought ............................................................................... 105 Reinventing Harbors ................................................................................... 67 Approaching the 22nd Century .................................................................. 107 StadshavensRotterdam 1600ha ................................................................. 68 Eastern Harbor District Amsterdam ........................................................... 69 Symbiosis .................................................................................................. 108 Master Plan Stadswerven ........................................................................... 71 WATER-ADAPTIVE CASE STUDIES ....................................... 109 Building at the Water’s Edge ...................................................................... 72 Plan Tij (Plan Tide) ...................................................................................... 73 Case Study: Redesigning the Randstad ...................................................... 110 Ypenburg – Waterwijk (Water District) ...................................................... 77 20th Century Planning in the Randstad .................................................... 111 Lakeside Housing - “The Sphinxes” ............................................................ 79 Randstad Urgent and Randstad 2040 ....................................................... 111 Water Villas Almere .................................................................................... 80 The Blue-green Heart ............................................................................... 112 Elevated Buildings ...................................................................................... 80 Case Study: Xplorlab and Hotspot Zuidplaspolder ..................................... 114 Silo Dam ...................................................................................................... 81 Pilot Project 1: Zuidplas Noord ................................................................. 115 Wonen boven Water (Living above Water) ................................................ 82 Pilot Project 2: Rode Waterparel .............................................................. 117 Aluminum Bos (Aluminum Forest) ............................................................. 83 Pilot Project 3: Nieuwerkerk Noord ......................................................... 117 Brug House (Bridge House) Middelburg ..................................................... 83 Pilot Project 4: Moordrecht ...................................................................... 118 Pilot Project 5: Gouweknoop.................................................................... 119 On the Water .............................................................................................. 84 Good Design ............................................................................................... 84 Case Study: Climate-Proofing Rotterdam .................................................. 122 Environmental Impact ................................................................................ 86 Water Plan 2 ............................................................................................. 123 Larger Scale Ambitions ............................................................................... 88 Rotterdam Water City 2030 ..................................................................... 124 Ijburg Floating Visitor’s Center ................................................................... 88 Demographic Troubles ............................................................................. 127 Floating Pavilion ......................................................................................... 89 StadshavensRotterdam 1600ha ............................................................... 128 Floating Villa Prototype .............................................................................. 91 Experimenteren Met Aangepast Bouwen (EMAB): .................................... 92 Case Study: SEV’s Housing and Water (Waterwonig) Programme ............. 130 Gouden Kust ............................................................................................... 92 Steigereiland ............................................................................................. 131 Marina Olderhuuske ..................................................................................