THREE DIMENSIONAL MOBILE BED DYNAMICS LOR SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODELING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sean O'Neil, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Keith W. Bedford, Adviser Professor Carolyn J. Merry Adviser Professor Diane L. Foster Civil Engineering Graduate Program UMI Number: 3081951 Copyright 2002 by O'Neil, Sean All rights reserved. UMI* UMI Microform 3081951 Copyright 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 @ Copyright by Sean O’Neil 2002 ABSTRACT The transport and fate of suspended sediments continues to be critical to the understand­ ing of environmental water quality issues within surface waters. Many contaminants of environmental concern within marine and freshwater systems are hydrophobic, thus read­ ily adsorbed to bed material or suspended particles. Additionally, management strategies for evaluating and remediating the effects of dredging operations or marine construction, as well as legacy pollution from military and industrial processes requires knowledge of sediment-water interactions. The dynamic properties within the bed, the bed-water column inter-exchange and the transport properties of the flowing water is a multi-scale nonlin­ ear problem for which the mobile bed ^namics with consolidation (MBDC) model was formulated. A new continuum-based consolidation model for a saturated sediment bed has been developed and verified on a stand-alone basis. The model solves the one-dimensional, vertical, nonlinear Gibson equation describing finite-strain, primary consolidation for satu­ rated fine sediments. The consolidation problem is a moving boundary value problem, and has been coupled with a mobile bed model that solves for bed level variations and grain size fraction(s) in time within a thin layer at the bed surface. The MBDC model represents the first attempt to unify bed exchange and accounting mechanisms with vertically varying bed properties under a single mechanistic framework. 11 A suspended sediment transport solver, with parameterizations for noncohesive grain size settling velocity, erosion and depositions source sink terms has been extended to in­ clude parameterizations for cohesive grain sizes. Further, the consolidation model has been integrated into the mobile bed modeling framework. The new fine-grained sediment trans­ port model, MBDC, was configured to simulate the flow, transport and bottom evolution within an expansion channel serving as an idealized conical estuary. MBDC model results, are compared with model results from literature, demonstrating qualitative agreement and model efficacy. The MBDC model approach, though requiring more site specific data for auxiliary parameterizations, yields a more complete physical and dynamic description of bed sediment transport processes. Ill To my dearest friend and wife Chen Hui. You have inspired me to be more than I thought I could ever be. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the enthusiastic help from my friends and colleagues at the Great Lakes Forecasting System Laboratory, Dr. Philip Chu, Dr. David Welsh, Takis and Vasso Velisariou, Guo Yong, and especially Dr. Jennifer Shore and Fleather Smith. Past members of the GLFS Lab and the “Dirt Group”, who also helped me were Drs. David Podber, John Kelley, James Yen, W. K. Yeo, and my brothers Dr. Jongkook Lee, Rob Van Evra and Dr. Onyx Wai. I would also like to mention some of the faculty and staff members who made a differ­ ence during my stay at OSU including Dr. Robert Sykes, Dr. Bill Wolfe, Dr. Vince Rieca, Dr. Ellen MacDonald and especially Ray Hunter. I would also like to thank my Disserta­ tion Reading Committee members. Dr. Carolyn Merry and Dr. Diane Foster both of whom offered much support freely and enthusiastically. I acknowledge the help of my HydroQual colleagues and friends including Jim Hallden, Luca Liberti, Nicholas Kim, Dr. Pravi Shrestha, Dr. Alan Blumberg and many others. I would also like to thank my very good friend David Driscoll. I would like to thank my sisters Mary and Colleen and my father Pat who never doubted me. Most importantly, I recognize my advisor Professor Keith W. Bedford; I will never forget him for his guidance and support. VITA 1987 ........................................................................ B.S. Physics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 1993 ........................................................................ M.S. Civil Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1999-2001 ...............................................................Engineer, HydroQual, Inc., Mahwah, NJ 1991-1999,2001-present ......................................Graduate Research and Teaching Asso­ ciate, Civil and Environmental Engineer­ ing and Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH PUBLICATIONS Wai, O. W.-H., Y. S. Xiong, S. O’Neil and K. W. Bedford (2001). “Parameter Estima­ tion for Suspended Sediment Transport Processes”, The Science o f the Total Environment, 226(1-3), 49-59. O’Neil, S. and D. P. Podber (1997). “Sediment Transport Dynamics in a Dredged Tribu­ tary,” Int. Conf. Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, eds. A. Blumberg and M. Spaulding, 5, 781-791. O’Neil, S., K. W. Bedford and D. P. Podber (1996). “Storm-Derived Bar/Sill Dynamics in a Dredged Channel,” Proc. Int. Conf. Coastal Eng., ASCE, 25, 4289-4299. Eee, J., S. O’Neil, K. W. Bedford and R. E. Van Evra (1994). “A Bottom Boundary Layer Sediment Response to Wave Groups,” Proc. Int. Conf. Coastal Eng., American Society of Civil Engineers, 24, 1827-1837. Wai, O. W.-H., K. W. Bedford and S. O’Neil (1994). “Principal Components Time Spectra of Suspended Sediment in Random Waves,” Coastal Dynamics ’94, ASCE, Barcelona, 296-305. vi Bedford, K. W., O. W.-H. Wai, S. O’Neil and M. Abdelrhman (1991). “Operational Pro­ cedures for Estimating Bottom Exchange Rates,” in Hydraulic Engineering, Ed. R. Shane, American Society of Civil Engineers, 465-470. Zhang, S., D. J. S. Welsh, K. W. Bedford, P. Sadayappan and S. O’Neil (1998). “Cou­ pling of Circulation, Wave and Sediment Models,” Technical Report CE WES MSRC/PET TR/98-15. The Ohio State University, 32 pp. Bedford, K. W., S. O’Neil, R. E. Van Evra and J. Eee (1994). “Ohio State University Measurements at SUPERTANK,” in SUPERTANK Laboratory Data Collection Project, Volume 1. Eds. Nicholas C. Kraus and Jane McKee Smith. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Technical Report CERC-94-3, pp. 152-184. O’Neil, S. (1993). Comparison of Sediment Transport Due to Monoehromatie and Spec­ trally Equivalent Random Waves. MS thesis. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Bedford, K. W., S. O’Neil, R. E. Van Evra and J. Lee (1993). “The Ohio State University Offshore ARMS Data - Boundary Layer, Entrainment and Resuspension: Overview plus Appendix,” Project Report, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, 141 pp. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Civil Engineering Studies in: Models in Water Resources Engineering Sediment Transport Phenomena Prof. Keith W. Bedford Coastal Engineering Applied Mathematics/Computational Science Profs. G. Baker, E. Overman Aerospace Engineering Prof. R. Bodonyi V ll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A b stract .................................................................................................................................. ii Dedication .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. v V i t a ........................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ xi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................xii Chapters: 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Sediment Consolidation - Theoretical and Numerical M odels ...................................23 2.1 One-Dimensional, Large Strain, Self-Weight, Primary Consolidation . 32 2.1.1 The Governing Equation ...................................................................... 32 2.1.2 Force Balance ...................................................................................... 35 2.1.3 Material Equilibrium ............................................................................ 35 2.1.4 Governing Equation ............................................................................ 37 2.1.5 Boundary Conditions ......................................................................... 38 2.1.6 Initial Conditions ................................................................................... 41 2.2 Numerical Solution ...............................................................................................42 2.2.1 Finite Difference M e th o d .....................................................................