Charles Darwin; The scientist as hero Professor Richard Fortey , Merit Researcher in Invertebrate Palaeontology at the Natural History Museum, London, presented the Lady Margaret Lecture on Wednesday 22 nd April 2009. This is a transcript of his lecture. As just about the only science writer who apparently has NOT got a book out about Darwin in the last six months I feel especially qualified to speak to you today! Over the last few months it has been instructive to observe the way Charles Darwin’s bicentenary and the sesquicentenary of the Origin of Species has been celebrated in public. I wonder sometimes whether the description of Darwin and his achievements tells us almost as much about contemporary attitudes to science and scientists as it does about the achievements of the great man himself. There are few figures that have attained quite the cultural significance of Charles Darwin, and the common characteristic of such icons is that they are re-made and recruited as a kind of imprimatur of respectability and influence. Darwin is at the moment at this kind of apogee. I believe a number of reasons can be invoked for his special status. The first emanates most particularly from scientists themselves. Scientists do have a problem with public perception; or perhaps I should say rather that scientists are neurotically worried about how they might be perceived by the public, which is not quite the same thing. Scientists want to be understood, to have the public appreciate what they actually do, and how the scientific method works. Scientists themselves worry that their image is not generally an encouraging one. First, there is a kind of hangover from the days of the boffin in the back room – the classic nerd, to use the modern term. Out of touch with anything except his computer, and unable to explain exactly what it is he (and usually he) does to anyone other than his fellows – well, scientists themselves worry whether he is a figure of derision. Then, by complete contrast, we have increasing public portraits of famous scientists who are revealed as monsters of egotism – the match of every self-regarding novelist or poet. Think of the recent biographies of Newton or the mathematician Paul Erdos in The man who loved only numbers, or John Nash portrayed in A Beautiful Mind. Who can forget the withering dismissal by the latter of many of his contemporaries as ‘one theorem minds’ with the infinity of arrogance that implies. That madness followed in Nash’s case could have seemed retribution as much as tragedy. Well – scientists want to be thought of as human – and I believe that the notion of science as ‘the disinterested pursuit of truth’ remains an ideal or heuristic that is a persistent one. This is where Darwin comes to the rescue. Here is the scientist as we (our fellow scientists) would like the creature to be portrayed: possessed of patience and generosity towards others (recall the kindly ways in which he assured all his many correspondents of his gratitude and attention at all times); the long life well conducted and creative to the end; the warm attachment to his family (and who can doubt the grief of the man at the early death of his daughter Annie?). The popularity of the portraits of Darwin as an old man – the white beard, the deep set eyes brimming with a kind of wisdom and touched with sadness – demonstrates the preference for what I might term “Saint Darwin”. It’s a paradox, of course, but the image of the aged Darwin is really not so different from the portrait of St Jerome by Caravaggio. The ‘saint’ comes with relics, particularly the notebooks, and with such sacred texts as that famous sketch postulating the notion of common descent with the wonderfully ambiguous statement “I think” at the top of the page. How much more appealing that short phrase than “I know” or “I understand” – it’s a characteristically modest approach to originality, a tentative prod towards a change in Weltanschauung. So this is the scientist as ideal, the one all scientists might – theoretically –aspire to, and fail to match up to. One is pushed to think of any other who might press all the same buttons – the only name in the same league I can think of is possibly Dorothy Hodgkin – but there is no icon for her to compare with the late Darwin. However inappropriately, Darwin rests in Westminster Abbey. You feel that he might have preferred to be interred beneath his worm stone at Down House. Darwin has a second great claim to occupy this special place in the scientists’ pantheon. His ideas are considered comprehensible to the thinking layman – which since nobody likes to be considered incapable of thought includes just about everyone. There is none of the kind of general nervousness in contemplating Darwin that Einstein or Max Planck inspires. Mathematics is genuinely beyond the comprehension of many articulate people, and mathematicians tend to inspire a kind of discombobulated awe. Having just returned from a large US campus I have seen how Einstein is ‘domesticated’ on T-shirts by combining one of his slightly bonkers photographs with a selection of his more transparent bon mots and aphorisms – but I think most people realise that this is missing his real substance, the difficult part. However, most people “get’ Darwin – or think they do – and therefore also think they have a right to an opinion on Darwinism. Thus we arrive at opinion polls with their dispiriting conclusions – Miller and colleagues in Science in 2006 report that 62% of US respondents agreed with the statement “Human beings were created by God as whole persons and did not evolve from earlier forms of life”. Even in this country polls have revealed that some 30% of respondents don’t “believe’ in Darwinism. One simply cannot imagine a poll happening in which people would confidently assert that they don’t ‘believe’ in the Special Theory of Relativity. Indeed, belief or otherwise in the Higgs Boson or relativity is simply not an issue for democratic assessment. While the implications of Darwin and Einstein both percolate into the everyday of medicine or electronics, for example, it seems only the former has the property of being capable of being rejected in opinion polls. Such polls never ask whether those questioned believe that all medical treatments predicated on the assumption that evolution actually happened should henceforth be discontinued, which raises interesting issues about the way polls are conceived for the convenience of those asking the questions. But however one looks at it, what remains is the apparent ease of understanding of what Darwin is supposed to have said as compared with other advances in maths, chemistry and physics. And this may indeed be true – for all those that perversely grasp the wrong end of the stick. The idea of common descent is a simple one, and really did change the way we see the world; just as knowledge of genes and the genetic code really has transformed biology and medicine. But somehow, many people are able to accept the onward-rolling implications of Darwin while still feeling able to reject his ‘–ism’ so to speak. But for scientists, the comprehensibility of so much of Darwin’s research is another reason for his iconic status. Would that we could all transform the world by an idea so capable of forthright expression. At this point it is instructive to compare Darwin with that other dominating figure of the last century, Sigmund Freud. I am old enough to recall a time when Freud was regarded as seminal in an analogous way to Charles Darwin. If The origin of species was one of the sacred texts, then so was the Ego and the Id and its many fellows. The story of the dethronement of Freud as scientist is familiar enough – crucially perhaps that his mechanics of mind was capable of infinite elaboration and immune to falsification (not really science at all) as Karl Popper and his associates pointed out. Nonetheless the language of Freud endures, from id to subconscious, and his influence in literature and art –especially surrealism - is genuine enough, although perhaps having something of an historic ring to it – does anyone now really believe that Salvador Dali’s extraordinary landscapes were produced by pure psychic automatism direct from the unconscious? Equally, the idea of conducting an opinion poll asking the populace whether they believe in Freudianism, or even in the existence of the Unconscious Mind, seem rather ridiculous now. Nonetheless it is not inappropriate to compare Freud in his heyday with Darwin, if only because both produced ideas that were graspable by the many; both acquired ‘bulldogs’ to promulgate their ideas - in the case of Freud hounds of variable loyalty - and both entered common parlance. However, with the sidelining of Freud in the understanding of the mind it seems to me that the importance of Darwin to scientists increased commensurately. While Freud’s disciples, notably Carl Gustav Jung, became more mystical than mechanical, the fruits of Darwin’s ideas emerged from the trees both of science and of life itself. The language of natural selection slowly began to oust the elaborate jargon that had guaranteed the esoteric hegemony of the analysts, and help to perpetuate their fat fees. The compass of Darwin has extended to occupy what had once been Viennese territory; laboratory and statistical surveys replaced the psychiatrists plush couches. Analysis has continued largely as the prerogative of the leisured and wealthy neurotic. Nonetheless – as an aside – the compelling attraction of the case history narrative pioneered by Freud has retained its place.