ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT GROUP C – FAMAGUSTA AREA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. CONTRACT FOR ENGINEERING SERVICES.....................................................................................1 1.2. PURPOSE OF STUDY ...................................................................................................................2 2. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR EIA............................................................................................ 3 2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANISATION IN CYPRUS...............................................................................3 2.1.1. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL............................................................................................3 2.1.2. LOCAL LEVEL......................................................................................................................4 2.1.3. NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS ................................................................................5 2.2. CYPRUS NATIONAL LAW 57(I)/2001 ON EIA ................................................................................5 2.2.1. OBLIGATION FOR EIA STUDY................................................................................................5 2.2.2. CYPRUS NATIONAL LAW 57(I)/2002 ON EIA.........................................................................5 2.3. OTHER NATIONAL LAWS .............................................................................................................6 2.4. EU ENVIRONMENTAL DIRECTIVES................................................................................................6 2.4.1. EU DIRECTIVE 97/11/EC ON EIA .........................................................................................6 2.4.2. OTHER EU DIRECTIVES........................................................................................................7 2.5. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS ......................................................................8 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................. 9 3.1. PROJECT JUSTIFICATION.............................................................................................................9 3.2. PROJECT LOCATION ...................................................................................................................9 3.3. PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS.......................................................................................................9 3.3.1. SERVICED AREA..................................................................................................................9 3.3.2. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT .............................................................................................10 3.3.3. EMERGENCY STORAGE......................................................................................................18 3.3.4. LONG TERM STORAGE.......................................................................................................18 3.3.5. SEWERS AND PUMPING STATIONS......................................................................................18 3.4. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ....................................................................................................20 3.5. PROJECT COST.........................................................................................................................20 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE......................................................................... 22 4.2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ..........................................................................................................22 4.2.1. TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND SOILS .................................................................................22 4.2.2. CLIMATE ...........................................................................................................................25 4.2.3. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES ..........................................................................................27 4.2.4. GROUND WATER RESOURCES ...........................................................................................28 4.3. ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................................................28 4.3.1. VEGETATION .....................................................................................................................28 4.3.2. WILDLIFE ..........................................................................................................................29 4.3.3. PROTECTED OR RESTRICTED AREAS..................................................................................31 SOGREAH CYPRUS – A.F.MODINOS &S.A.VRAHIMIS DECEMBER - 2003 PAGE I ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT GROUP C – FAMAGUSTA AREA 4.4. PLANNING ZONES AND LAND USE .............................................................................................32 4.4.1. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES...........................................................................................32 4.4.2. URBAN PLANNING ZONING.................................................................................................32 4.4.3. LOCAL FACILITIES .............................................................................................................32 4.4.4. LAND OWNERSHIP .............................................................................................................32 4.4.5. LAND USE .........................................................................................................................32 4.4.6. BUILT UP PROPERTIES .......................................................................................................33 4.5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE ...............................................................................................33 4.5.3. CULTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL VALUES .......................................................................39 5. IMPACT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 41 5.1. IMPACT SCREENING ..................................................................................................................41 5.2. ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION..............................................................42 5.2.1. IMPACTS DUE TO PROJECT LOCATION ................................................................................42 5.2.2. IMPACTS RELATED TO PROJECT DESIGN ............................................................................45 5.2.3. IMPACTS RELATED TO PROJECT CONSTRUCTION................................................................45 5.2.4. IMPACTS RELATED TO PROJECT OPERATION......................................................................49 6. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .............................................................................................. 73 6.1 ALTERNATIVE SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESSES ......................................................................73 6.2. SCREENING OF OPTIONS AND ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................76 6.2.1. ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES ....................................................................................................76 6.3. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS....................................................................................87 6.3.2. EVALUATION OF FINAL ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................87 7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN .............................................. 100 7.1. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EMP ................................................................................100 7.2. SUMMARY OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES................................................................100 7.3. MITIGATION MEASURES...........................................................................................................106 7.3.1. CONTRACTUAL BACKGROUND FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT.................................106 7.3.2. COMPENSATION FOR LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT..........................................109 7.3.3. COMPENSATION FOR THE LOSS OF TREES........................................................................109 7.3.4. DECOMMISSIONING: RECLAMATION OF TEMPORARILY USED SITES ...................................109 7.4. MONITORING PROGRAMS ........................................................................................................110 7.4.1. WATER QUALITY MONITORING DURING CONSTRUCTION....................................................111 7.4.2. WATER QUALITY MONITORING DURING OPERATION .........................................................113 7.4.3. AIR AND NOISE MONITORING ...........................................................................................114 7.4.4. SLUDGE CONTROL MONITORING ......................................................................................116 7.4.5. MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR THE REUSE OF THE TREATED EFFLUENT ..........................120 7.4.6. MONITORING OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ....................................................................123 7.5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION........................................................... 124