00E1.04E14T RESUME ED 032 490 AC 005 391 By-Colton. Winifred J. Leaders Unlimited: Resources for Training. Developed in Junior LeadersSchools 1961 -1965. YWCA of the U.S.A., New York, N.Y. Note-230p. EDRS Price MF -$1.00 HC -$11.60 Descriptors-Evaluation Techniques, Guidelines, Investigations. Leadership Training, Measurement Instruments.MoralValues,Objectives,PersonalGrowth,PhysicalEducation,ProgramEvaluation, Questionnaires.Religious Organizations. SensitivityTraining, Student Evaluation, Training Techniques, Voluntary Agencies. Youth, Youth Leaders Identifiers -*Young Mens Christian Association This study of Young Men's ChristianAssociation (YMCA) junior leader training programs for teenagers. 1961-65, investigatedprogram elements thought to affect leader growth and development. Thetraining experience was keyed to broad YMCA purposes, objectives of the training schools. and individual goals. Personalgoal setting. stressed as a means of instilling responsibility foroneself and others, entailed developing a working relationship betweenadvisors and junior leaders, helping individuals becomeaware of their growth potential, and conducting human relations skill training and modified sensitivitytraining. Procedures included written scales and. personal inventories. Christian social influenceskills courses. decision making and gaininggroup consensus, and varying uses of discussion, role playing, and demonstrations for trainingin moral values. Sentence completion tests,content analysis of goals. evaluations of schoolprograms and junior leader performance. followup questionnaires andinterviews, and other evaluation techniqueswere described, together with major findings obtained. (Thedocument includes additional questionnaires. program evaluations, and other materialspertaining to the training schools surveyed.) (ly) 1. .rst^rrrover4 l.n FAG U.S, DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE Of EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE Of EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY a I I By WINIFREDJ. COLTON Editor: Charlotte Himber DevelopedinJuniorLeadersSchools National Council of Young Men's Christian Associations 291 Broadway, Now York, N. Y. 10007 Dedicated to John W. Leslie, Sr. who has providedbothpersonal inspiration and financial support to thejunior leader- ship training and evaluationprograms since the inception of the "Leaders Unlimited"emphasis in the schools in 1961. INTRODUCTION Helping persons to learn to live most andserve best, while not a new idea, is still a challenging one. It describes the intent of the "Leaders Unlimited" emphasis in the leaders school trainingprograms. A burst of innovative methods for expanding human potential has illuminated the scene during recentyears. As a matter of fact changes are occurring so fast in the behavioral sciences that it is almost impossible to write a book on the subject before the contentsseem obsolete. For this very reason experimental approaches checked out through evaluation methods are the recommended procedure for continuous learning today. Explained within the following pages is the concept of "Leaders Unlimited" as it has been developing in leaders schools since 1961. A rationale is given for the program, and related school objectivesare identified. The training and evaluation methoC, explored during the five-year period are described. Sample resource materials and evaluation tools are appended to encourage further adai,tation and use in other leadership training efforts. Methods can be used in local programs as well as in cooperative training ventures. The YMCA is grateful to many persons who have lent support and leadership and provided a variety of rich resources to the program. Mrs. Alvin Taylor, Wakefield, Massachusetts, working with John Letts, YMCA, Fall River, Massachusetts and with James B. Hurst of the New England Area YMCA office made the first school project possible.John W. Leslie, Sr. helped to extend the program to other schools by taking an early interest in the character and value education emphasis. Over the years he has provided financial support to keep the exploration of innovative training and evaluation methods alive. He has participated as a deeply interested observer, contributing a unique perspective on the total program experiment which continues to the present day. The following members of the Character Research Project Staff, Union College, Schenectady, New York, have generously given inspiration, suggestions, extensive materials, and both training and evaluation leadership: Dr. Ernest Ligon, founder and director; Dr. Sally Smith, Dr. William Koppe and Dr. William Penrod. Special recognition goes to Robert Procter and his wife Betsy. Through the efforts of Mr. Procter, and other members of the CRP staff, the "Christian Social Influence Skills Course" was developed and conducted in two of the schools. Many insights were gained through working with Dr. Jean D. Grambs, Department of Secondary Education and Dr. James D. Raths, Bureau of Educational Research and Field Services, College of Education, University of Maryland. In 1964 Thomas E. Rowan, a graduate student at the University of Maryland, provided a very valuable review of literature related to the measurement of attitudes, values and character. Both training and evaluation resources have been provided through the National Board of YMCAs Research and Development Services through the assistance given by Sanford M. Reece, the late Dr. Barbara Foster, and James M. Hardy. Much of the material in the human relations skills training was intro- duced by Louis E. Hall of the Southwest Area YMCA staff, who also gave leadership to this program in two schools. Without the active support of Colquitt Clark, Jr., Director of the Blue Ridge School, and James G. Kinsman of the Southern Area YMCA, the "Leaders Unlimited" pilot project could not have developed in that school. Donald A. Dome of the Boston Metropolitan YMCA, with David G. Haines as Director of the Boston Institute sought consultant help from Boston University. As a result, appropriate urban area adaptations were made in the Boston school design. Lawson M. Kateley and Louis E. Hall of the Southwest Area YMCA provided the direction necessary to encourage apilot effort in the Southwest Area Leaders School. David L. Widner YMCA, Midland, Texas, directed that school. Dr. Ann E. Jewett, Director of Women's Physical Educationat Spring- field College in Massachusetts, and Roberta S. Bennett on the faculty of Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island, contributedto both leader- ship training and evaluation. Countless other local YMCA staff members have developed materials and given leadership to the program. Frank D. Wilson, Fall River, Massachusetts, Sandra Williams, Boston, Massachusetts, Nan A. Moore,Anaheim, California, and Robert N. Laundy, YMCA, New Canaan, Connecticut,to name a few. George B. Corwin, John R. Fisher, and Charles C.Kujawa of the National Board of YMCAs Program Services Departmenthave served on national staff planning groups related to the project. Dr. Harold T. Friermood, National Director of Physical Education has given supportand assistance throughout the five-year period. For typing and attractive layout, credit goes toOlive L. Clark. The editorial assistance provided byCharlotte Himber during and far beyond regular working hours made early publicationpossible. Though this account of the "LeadersUnlimited" program includes only the experiences from 1961 through1965 exploration of more effective training methods continued with an increasing momentum. By 1967 three additional schools had joined the project. Plans are currently underway for 1968. Winifred J. Colton TABLE OF CONTENTS Dotailed outlines precede eachsection PART O N E Page 1 "LEADERS UNLIMITED" CONCEPT "LEADERS UNLIMITED".PROGRAM PARTTWO Page 12 PLANNING THE TRAININGEXPERIENCE Purpose - Objectives -Goals PARTTHREE Page 20 TRAINING METHODS PART FOUR Page 122 EVALUATION METHODS APPENDIX Page 190 PART ONE DEVELOPMENT OF THE "LEADERS UNLIMITED"CONCEPT IN JUNIOR LEADERS SCHOOLS Paq_e_ An Evolving Theory of Character andValue Development 2 A Definition of Character and Values 2 Emphasis on the Individual 2 Importance of "Other Adults" in the Lives of Youth 3 Developing Personal Response - ability 3 Importance of the Small Group in the Development of Persons 4 Definition of an Effective Person 5 How Behavior May Be Changed 5 -reinforcement is important in behavior change -inspiration gives added motivation -ideas stimulate action- action influences ideas A Continuing Search for More Effective Training Methods 7 DEVELOPMENT OF THE "LEADERS UNLIMITED"PROGRAM IN LEADERS SCHOOLS FROM 1961-1965 7 Expansion of the Program 8 Training for LeadershipResponsibilities 9 "Leaders Unlimited" PilotSchool Programs 10 Integratic: of Personal Growth& SkiZZs Development INTRODUCTION TO MAJOR METHODS USED INTHE "LEADERS UNLIMITED" PROGRAM Goal Setting 10 Human Relations SkiZZs Training 11 Modified Sensitivity Training 11 Christian Social Influence SkiZZsCourse 11 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE "LEADERS UNLIMITED" CONCEPT IN JUNIOR LEADER SCHOOLS An Evolving Theory of Character andValue Development A search for effective character andvalue education methods has been the aim of the "Leaders Unlimited" emphasisin YMCA pilot JuniorLeader Schools for junior and senior high school boysand girls since 1961. Promising training methods have been tried anda variety