VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES NIKIFOROV NAZIM “THE WAYS TO IMPROVE DRINKING WATER QUALITY FROM THE INTAKE OF THE ISHIM RIVER” Master thesis Environmental Management study program, code 621F70002 Supervisor: PhD in Biology Pavel Dmitriev ___________ __________ Defence: . Prof. Dr. Saulius Mickevičius__________ __________ KAUNAS, 2018 1 CONTENT SUMMARY 4 ANNOTATION 5 LIST OF TABLES 6 LIST OF FIGURES 7 INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER 1 ISSUES OF NATURAL AND DRINKING WATER 11 1.1 Water and its properties 11 1.2 The pollution of natural water 18 1.2.1 Types of water pollution 19 1.2.2 Basic sources of water pollution 21 1.2.3 General pollutants of water 21 1.3 The impact of polluted water on the environment 26 1.3.1 The impact of polluted water on human’s health 27 1.4 Concept of drinking water 27 1.5 International standardization of drinking water quality 29 1.5.1 Standards of drinking water quality in Kazakhstan 31 1.6 Problems of drinking water quality in Kazakhstan 32 1.6.1 Consequences of poor quality drinking water 33 1.7 Basic sources of drinking water in Northern-Kazakhstan oblast 34 1.8 Quality of drinking water in the North Kazakhstan oblast 53 CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS OF THE RESEARCH 54 2.1 Geochemical features of the Ishim River as primary pollution 56 2.2 Secondary pollution of water in the Ishim and Neman rivers 56 2.3 Basic enterprises-suppliers of drinking water for North Kazakhstan oblast 62 2.4 The current state of drinking water in North Kazakhstan oblast 66 2.5 Methods of the research 67 CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RECEIVED RESULTS IN THE PROGRESS OF THE RESEARCH 69 3.1 The current state of the Ishim River for 5 indicators 69 3.2 The current state of the Neman River and its tributaries for 3 indicators 75 3.3 Aeration and ozonation as methods for improving drinking water quality 83 2 CONCLUSIONS 86 REFERENCES 87 3 SUMMARY Author of diploma paper: Nikiforov Nazim Full title of diploma paper: Ways to improve water quality of drinking water intake of the Ishim River Diploma paper advisor: PhD in Biological sciences, Pavel Dmitriev Presented at: Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Natural Science, Kaunas, 2018 (North Kazakhstan State University named M. Kozybaev, Petropavlovsk, 2018) Number of pages: 92 Number of tables: 8 Number of pictures: 15 4 SANTRAUKA Atsižvelgiant į pasaulinę krizę ir didėjantį kokybės geriamojo vandens, studijuoja metodus vandens valymo tendenciją. Atsižvelgiant į tai, į Šiaurės Kazachstano srityje pagrindinis geriamojo vandens šaltinis tirtas - upę Ishim neorganinių teršalų buvimą. Darbe pateikiami duomenys apie pagrindinių regiono įmonių išleidžiamų teršalų kiekį. Be to, mes išanalizavo metines ataskaitas apie tiekėjo geriamąjį vandenį iš Petropavlovskas ir rajonuose Šiaurės Kazachstano Regionas, Miestas, kuris yra aprašytas viršija didžiausią leistiną koncentraciją darbą. Šiame tyrime pateikiama informacija apie neorganinį ir toksinį gėrimo vandens užteršimą bei jo valymo metodus. ANNOTATION In the conditions of the world and growing crisis of quality drinking water, the tendency of studying methods of water treatment remains. In connection with this, the main source of drinking water, the Ishim River, was studied in the North Kazakhstan region for the presence of inorganic impurities. The work presents data on the volume of discharges by the main enterprises of the region. In addition, annual reports on the work done by drinking water supply companies for the city of Petropavlovsk and the regions of the North-Kazakhstan oblast have been analyzed, in which exceedances of maximum permissible concentrations are described. This study contains information on inorganic and toxic contamination of drinking water and its cleaning methods. 5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Pollution with heavy metals from industries Table 2 – Normative indicators of drinking water Table 3 - Structure of water supply sources of the population in rural areas of North Kazakhstan oblast Table 4- The current state of the Ishim River for 5 Table 5 – The normative indicators and detected concentration indicators in the drinking water for 2017 Table 6 – The excess concentration indicators in the drinking water of districts NKO for 2017 Table 7 – The current state of the Neman River for 3 indicators Table 8 – The current state of the Neman’s tributaries for 3 indicators 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 – The Ishim River in North Kazakhstan oblast Figure 2 – Volume of dumping of the main enterprises in NKO for 2017 Figure 3 –The amount of the penalty of the enterprises with greatest excesses under MAD in the NKO for 2017 Figure 4 – MPC in the Ishim River for 2017 Figure 5 – The Neman River in Lithuania Figure 6 –Points where taken water samples Figure 7 –The current state of the Ishim River for 4 indicators Figure 8 – Deterioration of pipes in the NKO for 2016 Figure 9 – Points where taken water samples Figure 10 – Average NO2-N in the Neman 3 Figure 11 – Average PO4 -P in the Neman Figure 12 – Average NH4-N in the Neman - Figure 13 – Average NO2 -N in the secondary rivers 3 Figure 14 – Average PO4 -P in the secondary rivers Figure 15 –Average NH4+-N in the secondary rivers 7 INTRODUCTION Relevance of the topic: due the global increase in the deficit and the demand for quality drinking water, the important problem of studying is optimal methods for improving the quality of drinking water of North Kazakhstan oblast. In addition, in order to promote the water management system based on paragraph 26 of the World Summit of the Implementation Plan on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002) and Agreement between the Government of the Kazakhstan Republic and the United Nations Development Program On The «National Plan For Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Saving For the Kazakhstan Republic» to find most optimal methods for improving water quality is necessary. Moreover, in Kazakhstan about the drinking water quality laws are applied: Water Code of the Kazakhstan Republic, Sanitary Rules and Norms, and Government Standard, but 20% of population consumes poor drinking water. Due poor drinking water quality in North Kazakhstan oblast, it is necessary to conduct studies on the current state of the water resources of the Ishim River, which is the main source of water intake for drinking water, and find main pollutants in the river’s water and drinking water for determining most optimal way of cleaning it. An essential feature of the modern science of Kazakhstan is the preparation of drinking water using the classic methods for improving the drinking water quality are clarification and discoloration (elimination of turbidity and color), as well as chemical disinfection (release from pathogenic microorganisms). As practice shows, these methods of water purification are not enough to ensure that drinking water corresponds to the state standards of the Kazakhstan Republic, which is of scientific interest for a more effective alternative. In this regard, the study of alternative methods of water purification possibilities to optimize drinking water quality in the North Kazakhstan oblast is topical. Goal is to study the optimal ways to improve the drinking water quality from the Ishim River water intake. Tasks: 1. To identify the current state of the Ishim River and Neman Rivers; 2. To study the current state of drinking water quality in North Kazakhstan oblast; 3. To identify the most suitable methods of improving of drinking water quality for North Kazakhstan oblast. The object of the study is drinking water quality in the North Kazakhstan oblast. The subject of the study is optimal ways to improve the quality of drinking water in the North Kazakhstan oblast. 8 Hypothesis is if the quality of drinking water in the North Kazakhstan oblast will estimate as relative low quality, it has the potential to optimize quality through ozonation and aeration methods of water purification. Methods of the Research: In carrying out the work, various methods were used, the main of which were: 1. The Deduction method; 2. The Induction method: 3. The Typological method; 4. The Statistical method; 5. The Empirical method; 6. The Comparative method; 7. The Analysis method; In preparing the work, the results of earlier studies are used. They are analyses of local scientists are literature and statistic. In the course of the work scientific research material on the state of the water resources of the North Kazakhstan oblast was collected and processed; statistical, literary data and cartographic material were analyzed, and materials of the Internet resources were studied as well. Scientific Novelty is for the first time activity of the enterprises-suppliers of drinking water in the North Kazakhstan region is complexly studied, the optimum scientifically proved methods of purification of drinking water determined by type of pollution are offered. Provisions to be protected: 1. The quality of drinking water is the most important criteria of life quality. 2. Deterioration of the pipelines is the result of secondary contamination of drinking water; 3. Modern and effective ways to improve the quality of drinking water are methods of aeration and ozonation. Practical Significance is the materials of this work can be used by employees of both environmental and educational organizations: researchers, teachers of universities and schools. Implementation of the Research Results presented by acts of introducing the results of the research: 1. Limited Liability Partnership «Nanosfera»; 2. Limited Liability Partnership «Ekosfera»; 3. North-Kazakhstan State University named M. Kozybaev, the Faculty of Nature Sciences, Department of Geography and Ecology; 4. Limited Liability Partnership «Grains and Oilseeds. Kazakhstan». 9 Approbation of the Research Results: - The main results of the dissertation research were presented at the pre-defense of the dissertation work conducted on 15.03.2018 in the North-Kazakhstan state University named after M.