LIVELIHOOD BASELINE PROFILE: MABAN COUNTY UPPER NILE STATE , SOUTH SUDAN, 2013 HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY APPROACH Acknowledgements The consultant, on behalf of FEG Consulting, wishes to thank the six field researchers, for their truly high level of commitment, enthusiasm and analytical skill. The field conditions were very challenging on many fronts, however humour always prevailed over frustration, and dedication to the task always resulted in all efforts being focused towards achieving the objectives. Koma Charles Wiri Lodi Joseph Sartison Adinan Ibrahim Elisa Juma Kur John Garang Lubang Martin Elizara Lokiden Ezibon Kenyi Luga Local authorities provided useful information and guidance for the research as well as authorisation for our travels. Particular thanks go to Mr. Alex and Mr. Thomas at the RRC, Mr. Idrees and Mr. Kong at the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Mr. Mohammad at the Ministry of Livestock and Colonel Simon for authorising our work in the border areas. Gratitude also to Solidarites International, at the Paris, Juba and Maban levels for their efforts to facilitate the research process. The work was possible due to the financial support provided by ECHO. It is hoped that the findings presented here provide a solid basis for the design of effective programmes that lead to strengthening of the livelihood systems in Maban. Gavriel Langford [email protected] Note on the cover photo (by author) Woman winnowing sorghum after return from the field. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 2 Zone Description 4 natural capital physical capital human capital social and political capital financial capital Markets 7 Seasonal Calendar 9 Timeline and Reference Year 11 Wealth Breakdown 11 Sources of Food 13 Sources of Cash Income 15 Expenditure Patterns 16 Survival and Livelihood Protection Thresholds 17 Hazards and Response Strategies 19 Programme Implications 20 Annex: Notes on the Methodology 22 3 ZONE DESCRIPTION D i 24° 26° 28° 30° 32° 34° nd 36° er Maban County is located En Nahud 12° Abu Zabad SOUTH 12° SOUTH SUDAN Ed Damazin SUDAN SUDAN in Upper Nile State in the Al Fula Renk Ed Da'ein northeastern corner of Tullus Nuba Mts. Famaka Kadugli Umm Buram Muglad Barbit Kologi South Sudan, with the T Talodi Kaka Paloich B e a l ay h i b r Junguls A 10° N 10° e Riangnom international border with Radom l' te A i ra Kodok h Boing b W Abyei Fagwir UPPER Malakal Sudan to the east (and Kafia Kingi WESTERN Mayom Bai War-awar Bentiu NILE Daga BAHR Wun Rog Fangak Abwong Post EL GHAZAL NORTHERN The boundaries and names shown BAHR Wang Kai Kan and the designations used on this map Ethiopia beyond that), do not imply official endorsement or Malek Jur l Nasser Kigille Gossinga EL GHAZAL UNITY Gumbiel a n acceptance by the United Nations. Gogrial Raga Aweil Akop f a a C r i a Kuacjok Leer e Z l and domestic county g z Waat n 8 WARRAP Adok e Fathai 8 ° o ° r J S Bisellia Madeir S h oba Deim Zubeir a t l B o Duk Fadiat Akobo ETHIOPIA borders with Longochuk CENTRAL L Wau u Bir Di Atum d P i AFRICAN Wakela JONGLEI b o Tonj d r o LAKES Kongor to the south, Renk to the REPUBLIC g Akelo n Bo River Post W Peper o Rafili h P Rumbek ite Jonglei N Pibor o Akot i Ukwaa m Yirol le O north, and Baliet and Lol National capital Bor Kenamuke 6° Khogali Boli Pap Swamp Towot 6° State (wilayah) capital Malek Melut counties to the Town Mvolo Lowelli Major airport Tambura Jerbar Kobowen Administrative WESTERN Swamp boundary International boundary Amadi Li Yubu Terakeka west (with the state Undetermined boundary* EQUATORIA Ezo Madreggi Lanya Bunduqiya EASTERN EQUATORIA State (wilayah) boundary Lafon Abyei region** Maridi Juba Kapoeta capital Malakal further to Main road Yambio CENTRAL Torit Railroad Roue Nagishot Lotagipi DEM. REP. EQUATORIA Swamp 4° 4° the west). Bunj, a very * Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan OF THE CONGO Yei and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet Opari Lofusa L. Turkana Kajo Keji (L. Rudolf) been determined. 0 100 200 km ** Final status of the Abyei area is not yet small market town e determined. il 0 100 mi N KENYA t r e b l located in east Maban, is 22° 26° 28° 30° A UGANDA 34° 36° Map No. 4450 Rev.1 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support the county capital (spelt OctoberBoing 2011 on the adjacent Cartographic Section map). The county is divided into five Area of the fieldwork D 24° 26° 28° 30° 32 34 in 36° administrative payams which are in turn divided ° ° de into boma (villages).En Nahud r The predominant livelihood system in Maban is 12° Abu Zabad SOUTH 12° SOUTH SUDANsedentary agropastoralism, with the main focus Ed Damazin SUDAN being on farming of food crops,SUDAN in addition to non-migratory, livestockAl Fula rearing. Gathering of wild Renk foods is an important supplement to the Ed Da'ein Tullus agropastoralism practiced by all NubaMaban Mts. Famaka households, including fishingKadugli for those villages in Umm Buram Muglad Barbit the south of the county. Cash-based trade of Kologi T commodities is very limited in Maban.Talodi Most Kaka Paloich B villages are self-sufficient in terms of production of e a l ay h i b r cereals, other food crops and livestock, with Junguls A 10° N 10° e Riangnom Radom significantl amounts of exchange of food and te 'A i rab Kodok h Boing labour between households within the village. W Abyei Fagwir UPPER Malakal Kafia Kingi WESTERN Relative uniformity across Mayomthe county mean it can Bai War-awar Bentiu NILE Daga BAHR be classified as Wunpart Rog of a single livelihoodFangak zone, Abwong Post EL GHAZAL NORTHERN The boundaries and names shown howBAHRever it is possible that theWang boundaries Kai of this Kan and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or livelihood zoneMalek extend beyondJur the administrative l Nasser Kigille Gossinga EL GHAZAL UNITY Gumbiel a n acceptance by the United Nations. Gogrial Raga countyAweil borders, and perhapsAkop even across thef a a C r i a international borderKuacjok with Sudan. TheLeer scope of this e Z l g z Waat n 8 baseline process didWARRAP not include Adokinvestigatinge Fathai 8 ° o ° r J S livelihoodsBisellia beyond the Madeircounty borders.S Theh greater focus on pastoralismoba and Deim Zubeir a t l B o migration in the nearby Eastern Flood Plains Zone seems Duk Fadiatto be sufficientlyAkobo significant ETHIOPIA CENTRAL L Wau u such that it is not likelyBir that Di Maban could be classified as a sub-zone within that Atum d P i AFRICAN greater livelihoodWakela zone. JONGLEI b o Tonj d r o LAKES Kongor REPUBLIC g Akelo n Bo River Post W Peper o Although recentlyRafili coming out of conflict, hthe area in close proximity to the P Rumbek ite Jonglei international border with Sudan continues to see N frequent movementPibor of armed o Akot i Ukwaa m forces from the national army of South SudanYirol as lwelle as rebels operating in Sudan. O Lol National capital Occasional bombing of Maban villages by Sudanese ArmedBor Forces was ongoingKenamuke at 6° the timeKhogali of the fieldwork Bolifor this baseline. Late 2011Pap and much of 2012 saw theSwamp influx Towot 6° State (wilayah) capital Malek Town Mvolo Lowelli Major airport Tambura Jerbar Kobowen Administrative WESTERN Swamp boundary International boundary Amadi 4 Li Yubu Terakeka Undetermined boundary* EQUATORIA Ezo Madreggi Lanya Bunduqiya EASTERN EQUATORIA State (wilayah) boundary Lafon Abyei region** Maridi Juba Kapoeta Main road Yambio CENTRAL Torit Railroad Roue Nagishot Lotagipi DEM. REP. EQUATORIA Swamp 4° 4° * Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan OF THE CONGO Yei and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet Opari Lofusa L. Turkana Kajo Keji (L. Rudolf) been determined. 0 100 200 km ** Final status of the Abyei area is not yet e determined. il 0 100 mi N KENYA t r e b l 22° 26° 28° 30° A UGANDA 34° 36° Map No. 4450 Rev.1 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support October 2011 Cartographic Section of an estimated 110,000 refugees1, mostly of the Ingassena tribe originating in Blue Nile State of Sudan. The refugees are being hosted in four camps situated in the central band of the county, along the Bunj-Malakal road. Natural Capital A single rainy season commences in May and continues through to October, peaking July through to September. Average rainfall figures are not available for the county, however the total rainfall was 1,132 mm in 2010 and 660 mm in 20122. Data was not available for 2011 however it was anecdotally reported as being somewhere between the figures of 2010 and 2012, and more representative of the average. Temperatures are hot in the dry season, often exceeding 45o C in February and March, with extremely low humidity levels. Extensive inundation in the rainy season is a normal pattern in the county as Maban is part of a large, flat flood plain that eventually drains into the White Nile. The Yabus river is the only permanent river, located in the southern part of the county. It originates in Ethiopia running through Sudan, into Maban and west towards the White Nile. Several seasonal rivers and streams exist during the rainy season. The southern area of the county tends to be less arid than the central and northern areas. Small hills can be found in the south near to Boma Bugaya. Soils are predominantly clays with moderately productive loams in the areas where villages tend to be located, near the Yabus river and the seasonal streams.