Public Service Ethics, Values and Spirituality in Ghana: Challenges and Opportunities Thesis Submitted to the University of Manchester for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2017 ANTHONY SUMNAYA KUMASEY Global Development Institute School of Environment, Education and Development 1 Contents ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 13 DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................................... 14 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... 16 DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................................... 18 INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH DESCRIPTION .................................................................................... 18 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 18 1.1 Background to the Study....................................................................................................... 18 1.2 The Research Problem .......................................................................................................... 21 1.3 Scope of the Research ........................................................................................................... 21 1.4 Aims....................................................................................................................................... 22 1.4.1 Objectives and Research Questions .................................................................................. 22 1.5 Concise Conceptual and Theoretical Underpinnings ............................................................ 23 1.6 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................................... 23 1.7 Outline of the Dissertation.................................................................................................... 24 1.8 Chapter Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................................... 27 THEORETICAL OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.0 Introduction and Chapter Overview ......................................................................................... 27 2.1 The Changing Nature of Public Administration .................................................................... 27 2.2.0 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Ethics and Morality ....................................................................................................... 29 2.2.2 Values and Principles .................................................................................................... 30 2.2.3 Ethical, Unethical Behaviours and Ethical Dilemma .................................................... 32 2.2.4 Public Service ............................................................................................................... 33 2.2.5 Public Service Ethics .................................................................................................... 35 2.2.6 Public Service Values ................................................................................................... 36 2.2.7 Difference between Values and Ethics ......................................................................... 38 2.3.0 Codes of Ethics .................................................................................................................. 39 2.4.0 Workplace Spirituality in Public Organizations ................................................................. 40 2.4.1 Introduction to Spirituality and Workplace Spirituality ................................................ 41 2 2.4.2 Definition of Spirituality and Workplace Spirituality ................................................... 42 2.4.3 Spirituality and Religion Compared ............................................................................. 43 2.4.4 Dimensions of Workplace Spirituality .......................................................................... 45 2.4.5 Positive Impacts of Workplace Spirituality on Individuals and Organizations ............ 46 2.4.6 Potential Dangers of Workplace Spirituality ................................................................ 47 2.5.0 Unethical Behaviours in the Workplace ............................................................................ 49 2.5.1 Impact of Unethical Behaviours in Organizations ........................................................ 50 2.6.0 Other Issues and Aspects of Unethical Behaviours in Public Organizations ..................... 51 2.6.1 Corruption ..................................................................................................................... 51 2.6.1.1 Causes of Corruption .................................................................................................... 52 2.6.1.2 Typology of Corruption ................................................................................................ 53 2.6.1.3 Impact of Corruption ..................................................................................................... 54 2.6.1.4 Forms of Corruption...................................................................................................... 55 2.6.2 Conflict of Interest ............................................................................................................ 57 2.6.3 Moonlighting ..................................................................................................................... 58 2.6.4 Other Ethical Issues ........................................................................................................... 58 2.7.0. Factors Influencing Unethical Behaviours in Organizations ............................................. 59 2.7.1 Gender ........................................................................................................................... 59 2.7.2 Low Level of Integrity .................................................................................................. 60 2.7.3 Age, Education and Moral Development ...................................................................... 61 2.7.4 Values and Ethical Orientations .................................................................................... 62 2.7.5 National Culture ............................................................................................................ 62 2.7.6 Ethical Nature of Leadership ........................................................................................ 63 2.7.7 Poor Working Environment .......................................................................................... 63 2.7.8 Organizational Culture .................................................................................................. 64 2.7.9 Lack of Employee Job Satisfaction ............................................................................... 65 2.7.10 Organizational Injustice ................................................................................................ 66 2.7.11 Organizational Politics .................................................................................................. 67 2.7.12 Peer Influence ............................................................................................................... 68 2.8.0 Theories of Public Management ....................................................................................... 68 2.8.1 Social Capital as a Theory of Public Management ....................................................... 69 2.8.2 Impact of Social Capital in Organizations .................................................................... 69 2.8.3 Principal-Agency Theory of Public Management ......................................................... 70 2.8.4 Justification of the Theories in Public Management ..................................................... 72 3 2.9.0 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework of the Thesis ..................................................... 73 2.10 Chapter Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 77 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 77 3.0 Introduction