People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Batna Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences Department of English Englishness and Universality in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice: Cultural and Psychological Perspectives. An Analytical Study. Dissertation submitted in candidacy for the degree of “Doctor Es Science.” Presented by: Supervised by: Nezzar Kenza Pr.Labed Nacif Board of Examiners: Chairman: Pr. Mohammed Salah Nadjai. University of Batna. Supervisor:Pr.Labed Nacif. University of Constantine. Examiner: Pr. Bouregbi Salah. University of Annaba. Examiner: Pr.Saadi Hacene. University of Constantine. Examiner: Pr.Bahloule Amel. University of Batna. Examiner : Pr. Aboubou Elhachemi. University of Batna. University of Batna 2017 Table of Contents Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………….….………………….I Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………….……….II Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………….….……..........III Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….….………………...........IV General Introduction...............................................................................................................1 Methodology: Critical Approaches Used…………………………………………………...2 Chapter One: Development of the English Novel and Austen's Era Introduction..............................................................................................................................6 1.1. Development of the English novel.....................................................................................7 1.1.1. English Women Writers................................................................................................13 1.1.2. Elements of the Novel Genre........................................................................................17 1.2. Austen's Era: English Society and Culture in the Late 18th Century and the Early19th Century....................................................................................................................................22 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................29 Chapter Two: Austen's Life and Influences Introduction.............................................................................................................................31 2.1 .Austen's Life.....................................................................................................................32 2.1.1. Austen’s Family and her Writings. 2.1.2. Reading, Poetry, and Theatrical Performances in Austen’s Family..............................37 2.1.3. Jane’s Early Writings………………………………………………………………….38 2.1. Writers who Influenced Austen……………………………………………………….43 2.2.1. Fanny Burney................................................................................................................43 2.2.2. Maria Edgeworth...........................................................................................................45 2.2.3. Samuel Richardson........................................................................................................47 2.2.4. Samuel Johnson (Dr Johnson).......................................................................................48 2.2.5. William Cowper............................................................................................................50 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................51 Chapter Three: Pride and Prejudice, Cultural Identity and Englishness. Perspectives. Introduction..............................................................................................................................52 3.1. Cultural Identity Defined 3.1.1. Culture..………………………………………………………………………………..53 3.1.2. Cultural Identity.............................................................................................................55 3.2. Englishness........................................................................................................................57 3.3. Englishness and Austen’sPride and Prejudice: Critical Perspectives.............................64 3.4. Austen’s Composition ofthe Novel..................................................................................69 3.5. Elements of the Novel Pride and Prejudice......................................................................70 3.5.1. Setting. 3.5.2. Overview of the plot(Summary of the novel). 3.5.3. Characters.......................................................................................................................79 3.5.4. Themes............................................................................................................................83 3.5.5.Conflict…………………………………………………………………………………83 3.5.6.Point of View.................................................................................................................84 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................86 Chapter Four: Spotting English Identity inPride and Prejudice Introduction............................................................................................................................87 4.1. Class Division..................................................................................................................88 4.2. Pride.................................................................................................................................95 4.3. Manners...........................................................................................................................98 4.3.1. Politeness and Civility................................................................................................104 4.3.2. Gentlemanliness..........................................................................................................107 4.4. Comfort and Leisure.....................................................................................................109 4.4.1. Comfort. 4.4.2. Leisure........................................................................................................................113 4.5. Snobbism.......................................................................................................................118 Conclusion............................................................................................................................120 Chapter Five: Pride and Prejudice,aPsychological Perspective. Introduction..........................................................................................................................121 5.1. Austen’s Interest in Human Psychology and Universal Truths.....................................122 5.2. The Process of Psychological Change, Projection, Recognition and Family Dynamics in the Novel...........................................................................................................................124 5.2. 1.The Process of Psychological Change………………………………………………124 5.2.2. Projection....................................................................................................................127 5.2.3. Recognition.................................................................................................................128 5.2.4. Family Dynamics........................................................................................................131 5.2.4.1. Father Daughter Relationship……………………………………………………...131 5.2.4.2. Mother Daughter Relationship.................................................................................132 5.2.4.3. Sibling Relationships................................................................................................134 5.3. The Therapeutic Use of the Novel in the Twentieth Century........................................135 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................140 Chapter Six: AStudy of theUniversal Themesin Pride and Prejudice. Introduction...........................................................................................................................141 6.1. Love and Marriage..........................................................................................................142 6.1.1. Love………………………………………………………………………………….142 6.1.2. Marriage………………………………………………………………………….......154 6.2. Pride and Prejudice.........................................................................................................161 6.3. Property..........................................................................................................................165 6.4. Reputation......................................................................................................................169 6.5. Virtue………………………………………………………………………………......172 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................174 General Conclusion.............................................................................................................175 Bibliography Glossary Appendices Dedications To Kamel my dear and loving husband To Meriem and Youcef my beloved children To the memory of my parents I Acknowledgements All prize be to Allah the Almighty for the completion of this work. I would like to express my