Meet Your Design Styles Design Through the Years Meet Your Design Styles Design Through the Years Haley Wenning GLASGOW (5) ART NOUVEAU (6) FUTURISM (9) Styles Through CONSTUCTIVISM (11) DADA (12) the Years (1890s-2000s) BAUHAUS (15) ART DECO (16) 1890 1940 1950 2000 1900 1910 1920 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 NEW TYPOGRAPHY (18) PICTORIAL MODERNISM (21) SWISS STYLE (22) MID-CENTURY MODERN (25) PSYCHEDELIC (26) POP (29) DECONSTRUCTION (31) FLAT DESIGN (32) 2 Glasgow The Glasgow style was invented in the ear- within the original movement were women. ly 1890s, and was popularized up through The Macdonald sisters are two of the most 1915. It was founded in Glasgow, Scotland, recognized female members of Glasgow, but the style was far reaching. It began Margaret was married to Mackintosh and within the Glasgow School of Art, which her sister Frances also helped expand the was a group of artists who sought out their style to the public.[2] However, the creators own style. It draws heavily upon the Eu- of the style didn’t share similar ideologies, ropean Art Nouveau style that was also but rather they created the style from a popular during this time, though little is combination of concepts that were popular known about the school itself or their moti- at the time. It was popularized in an indus- vations. They relied upon organic forms and trial context, and spread greatly in Germany line work, and rarely used geometric forms. and Austria, outside the British Isles, de- They worked largely in wood and glass, and spite the name. The building most known a lot of traditional “pub” styled places uti- for incorporating the style into its architec- lize this style for a traditional aesthetic. ture is the Glasgow Art School itself, which [1] The styles best known artist is Charles was designed by Mackintosh himself. Rennie Mackintosh, although many artists “...relied upon organic forms and line work, ◀ Margaret MacDonald and rarely used geometric forms.” Mackintosh, O Ye All Ye That Walk in Willow Wood, 1902, glasgowlife.org 5 Art Nouveau The Art Nouveau movement began in the in woodblock prints seen in Japanese art. 1890s and lasted for about two decades. It [3] Art Nouveau posters are seen having was first introduced in England and even- an asymmetrical typographic style as well tually spread across Europe and into the as ornate forms of typeface. An important United States. Art Nouveau, which trans- Art Nouveau artist was architect designer, lates to “new art,” was created as a way Hector Guimard whose designs are noted to break away from traditionally taught for his attention to detail and asymmetri- historicist art and became an innovative cal compositions. Johan Thorn Prikker, a style of modern art. This style was a popular Dutch poster designer who worked mostly “decorative style in architecture, furniture, in Germany, helped reveal an “all-purpose consumer products, fashion and graphics” use of a traditional Gothic lettering.”[4] Al- throughout both Europe and the US until though Art Nouveau declined dramaticall in about 1910. Art Nouveau is characterized as popularity after 1910, it is still being seen having long organic lines, i nspired by na- in many modern pieces and is an important ture and plant forms, and decorative details. movement in art history. Many Art Nouveau designers took interest “...characterized as having long organic lines, inspired by nature and plant forms, and decorative details.” ▶ Alphonse Mucha, Job (Cigarette Papers), 1896, 6 www.myddoa.com Futurism Founded in 1909 as a method for writers to their interest in chrono-photography.[6] and poets to express themselves, the Italy joined World War I in 1915, which led Futuristic art movement was considered to the perish of notable Futurists, including anything abnormal from previous creations. Boccioni and architect Antonio Sant’Elia. The movement was founded by Italian The Futurists moved from Milan to Rome writer and poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. post-war, but the spirit and strength had Many futurists helped this art movement faded. Severini continued painting with gain recognition, such as Umberto Boccioni, the concept of Divisionism and the ideals Giacomo Balla and Gino Severini.[5] The art of the Futurist. Futurism triggered expan- movement’s main influence was between sion outside of Italy, particularly in Russia the years 1909 and 1915 with the main goal between 1912 and 1920.[7] A noticeable being to explore the totally new in a fast, difference grew between the Russian and chaotic style. Many styles were used and Italian movements which was referred to as favorites of this time featured the use of Rayonist, or Cubo-Futurist. Futurism was a type elements and collage. The Futurists style that allowed artist of the time to ex- struggled to find a recognizable style but press themselves while exploring the in were fascinated with movement, which led new a fast and chaotic style. ◀ Umberto Boccioni, Dynamism of a Cyclist, Painting , 1913, www.wikiart.org 9 Constructivism Constructivism came about in Russia in the and shapes as well as complementing it early 1900's moments before the infamous when using different typographical strat- Bolshevik Revolution. One of the founding egies. People wanted to get away from fathers of the movement, Vladimir Tatlin, autonomous art and go back to the idea of first coined the term in 1913. It started "constructing" it instead. Some designers to gaining popularity during the revolution note when talking about the Constructivism and even spread to countries like Germa- style are Vladimir Tatlin, Lyubov Popova, ny in the 1920's and England in the 1930's and Alexander Rodchenko.[9] People used and 1940's. This particular movement was this approach for many different ideas at made in response and rejection of the men- the time including when making product tality, "art for art's sake". The group of packaging, logos, posters and even book artists who dabbled into Constructivism covers. Constructivism gives the design a wanted to reshape the role of the artist as very strong and impactful look as well as well as express the newly constructed state keeping things simple and intriguing. The in their country. [8] The visual aesthetic moral of the movement is to make art as a of the movement is a very geometric one. practice directed towards social movement It is a style that emphasizes lines, angles, and change. “The visual aesthetic of the movement is a very geometric one.” ◀ Aleksandr Rodchenko, Film Eye, Poster, 1924, www.moma.org 11 Dada Dada was a European art movement that started in the early 20th century that gained steam around the time after WWI. This art movement was to create confusion as well as hate and or anger towards it. The movement itself was to go against the convention- al ways people make as well as see art. Artist such as Hugo Ball, Tristan Tzara, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Marcel Duchamp, and Picabia all focused on the idea of having no idea when creating. This means rejecting all logic, reason, and aestheticism of the modern way of thinking of art at the time.[10] They did this through graphic de- sign, movies, theater, and paintings. Dada was a group of young people affected by what had happened in WWI and wanted to give art a look into that confusion. You can see this influence in other ◀ more modern movements such as “Dada is not Dada” and abstract Tristan Tzara, Self? Portrait, art in the 70’s and 80’s, such as works by Jackson Pollock. Dada is 1949, theartstack.com an early 20th century movement focused on changing the idea of art and going against the conventional ways. ▶ Raoul Hausmann, ABCD, 12 Poster, 1923, artpla.co Bauhaus The Bauhaus school was founded in 1919 by them. New developments in screen print- Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany. Fa- ing technology greatly influenced Bauhaus mous Bauhaus designers include Herbert designers. During the 1930’s printed media Bayer, Joost Schmidt, and El Lissitzky. All was being consumed more and more around of these designers helped bring the Bau- the world, since Gutenberg, consumption haus movement to a whole new level during of printing media kept rising all the way to the 1930’s. Bauhaus design is character- the digital revolution. This was a major fac- ized by its sense of utilitarian structure and tor that lead to the success of the Bauhaus. emphasis on color theory. Their forms are A healthy mix of grid layout and free-form basic, rich with color, and have contrast. At design was the main component to the com- the turn of the century, designers were us- position of the work, which is usually the ing more advanced and proficient ways of indicator of a work created within the Bau- designing with new technologies that were haus movement. Abstract design concepts being invented during western Europe's such as harmony and asymmetry were some industrial boom.[11] While some design- of the main components to Bauhaus design. ers were skeptical of the non-traditional [12] Such concepts founded during this pe- techniques, the Bauhaus school embraced riod greatly influence designers today. “...utilitarian structure and emphasis on ◀ Herbert Bayer, Harper Ba- color theory. Their forms are basic, rich zaar, Magazine Cover, 1940, with color, and have contrast.” www.1stdibs.com 15 Art Deco Art Deco was a style of design in the first print materials to circulate more efficiently half of the 20th century. It was mainly than ever and, in turn, popularized materi- characterized by bold geometric shapes, als like magazines and advertising posters. elongated and elegant lines, as well as em- Commercial designers like Erté and A.