http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Water Science and Technology Board, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-50290-X, 348 pages, 6 x 9, (2001) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html COMPENSATING FOR WETLAND LOSSES UNDER THE CLEAN WATER ACT Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement No. C X 827828-01-0 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Any opin- ions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Compensating for wetland losses under the Clean Water Act / Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Water Science and Technology Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-309-07432-0 (hardcover) 1. Wetlands—Law and legislation—United States. 2. Wetland conservation—Government policy—United States. 3. Wetland mitigation banking—United States. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses. KF5624 .C66 2001 346.7304'6918--dc21 2001004921 Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act is available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Box 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet: http:// www.nap.edu Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering Institute of Medicine National Research Council The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating soci- ety of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedi- cated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its mem- bers, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advis- ing the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sci- ences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal gov- ernment. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad- emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering commu- nities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html COMMITTEE ON MITIGATING WETLAND LOSSES JOY ZEDLER (Chair), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin LEONARD SHABMAN (Vice Chair), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia VICTORIA ALVAREZ, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, California ROBERT O. EVANS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina ROYAL C. GARDNER, Stetson University College of Law, St. Petersburg, Florida J. WHITFIELD GIBBONS, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina JAMES WENDELL GILLIAM, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina CAROL A. JOHNSTON, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota WILLIAM J. MITSCH, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio KAREN PRESTEGAARD, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland ANN M. REDMOND, WilsonMiller, Inc., Tallahassee, Florida CHARLES SIMENSTAD, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington R. EUGENE TURNER, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana FEDERAL LIAISONS JOHN GOODIN, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency LISA T. MORALES, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency JOHN F. STUDT, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ROBERT BRUMBAUGH, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources BENJAMIN N. TUGGLE, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service THOMAS BIGFORD, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service KATHRYN CONANT, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service SUSAN MARIE STEDMAN, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html Staff SUZANNE VAN DRUNICK, Study Director RUTH CROSSGROVE, Editor BARBARA O’HARE, Editor MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Information Specialist LEAH PROBST, Senior Project Assistant JENNIFER SAUNDERS, Project Assistant JAMIE YOUNG, Research Associate vi Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY GORDON ORIANS (Chair), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington JOHN DOULL (Vice Chair), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas DAVID ALLEN, University of Texas, Austin, Texas INGRID C. BURKE, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado THOMAS BURKE, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland GLEN R. CASS,