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UMÏ Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 A HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED LATIN MANUSCRIPT OF THE JESUIT MISSOURI PROVINCE ARCHIVES: A PROOEMIUMCOtiCERNim THE HISTORY OF THE MISSOURI MISSION OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS AND THE FIRST CHRISTIAN EXPEDITIONS AMONG THE ILLINOIS INDIANS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Linda Chamberlain Jones, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1999 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Frank T. Coulson, Adviser Professor Charles L. Babcock Adviser Professor Daniel T. RelT Graduate Program in Classics UMI Number: 9931622 Copyright 1999 by Jones, Linda Chamberlain All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9931622 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Linda Chamberlain Jones 1999 ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on a Latin manuscript written shortly after 1837. It provides a history of Jesuit missionary activity in the St. Louis area. There are many gaps in our knowledge of the succession of Jesuit priests who worked among the Illinois Indians following Father Marquette. This, however, is the very subject which the author of the manuscript contained herein has undertaken. It thus may provide needed information to fill in some of those gaps, although a detailed reconstruction of the history of the Missouri Mission is beyond the scope of this dissertation. The manuscript edited in the fifth chapter is currently preserved in the Jesuit Missouri Province Archives of the Pius XII Memorial Library, St. Louis, Missouri. The author is a Belgian Jesuit who came fi’om Maryland in 1823, probably Father Verhaegen. The manuscript is presented here as closely as possible to the original. Where the edited version does depart fi'om the original, the original text is preserved by means of footnotes. The Latin manuscript is introduced by three chapters of background material. The first chapter discusses the Counter-Reformation and the founding of the Society of Jesus, including a look at Jesuit spirituality. The second chapter deals with the political aspects of early contact between Europe and the Americas, as well as a brief treatment of the quest for supremacy in North America. Included here is a discussion of the Jesuit role in the exploration of the Mississippi River Valley. The third chapter briefly deals with the dissolution of the Jesuit order, its impact upon the Illinois missions, and the eventual restoration of missionary labors in the St. Louis area. The fourth chapter serves as a commentary to the Latin text, including such topics as style, sources used, and historical accuracy. Sources used may include an addendum to Thwaites’ extensive collection. Some discussion concerning the “noble savage” concept is also included. Tlie final chapter provides a translation of the edited text with the hope that this will make the dissertation more accessible to those who do not read Latin. m IN MEMORIAM To Father Verhaegen IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere appreciation to Dr. Frank T. Coulson for his guidance and insight in the transcription of the manuscript, and to Dr. Charles L. Babcock for his guidance and insight in both the transcription and translation of the manuscript. I also deeply appreciate the help received from Dr. Daniel T. Reff for the guidance given in the research for the historical background necessary to understanding the manuscript’s value. I am also thankful to Dr. Jeffrey Jaynes and Dr. Diane Lobody of the Methodist Theological School in Ohio for their valuable help in much of the research for the introductory chapters. Gratitude is expressed to Father William Bamaby Faherty, S.J., Archivist of the Jesuit Missouri Province Archives, and to Nancy Merz, Associate Archivist, for all their help and encouragement. To my husband, Jesse, I offer sincere thanks for your unshakable faith in me and your willingness to endure with me in my endeavors. To my son. Heath, my sisters, Judy and Sue, my brother, Jim, and my brother-in-law, Roger, 1 thank you for believing in me and encouraging me in my times o f discouragement. I also want to thank my parents. Aithot^h both have died since I first began this project, they both believed in me, and that knowledge has helped tremendously to bring this project to its completion. VITA October 11, 1945 ....................................... Bom - Knoxville, Tennessee 1987 ........................................................... B. A. Greek, The University of Tennessee 1989........................................................... M. A. Classics, The Ohio State University 1999........................................................... M. Divinity, Methodist Theological School In Ohio 1987-1993 ................................................ Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University 1993-present.............................................. Youth and Associate Pastor and Coordinator for Native Americans and Friends in Christ, West Ohio Conference, The United Methodist Church PUBLICATIONS Frank T. Coulson and Linda Chamberlain Jones, “A Newly Acquired Manuscript of the De Planctu Naturae of Alan of Lille in The Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio).” Scriptorium, XLV, 1 (1991). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Classics Masters Field: Theology VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................ ii Dedication........................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ v V ita................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Notes................................................................................................................. 6 Chapters: 1. The Counter-Reformation and the Founding of the Society of Jesus 7 The Reformation and Counter-Reformation ...................................... 7 The Founding of the Society of Jesus ................................................. 11 Ignatius of Loyola: A Brief Biography ................................... 11 The Gathering of the First Jesuits and Recognition of the O rder...................................................................... 14 Early Jesuit Missionary Efforts: Africa and the Far East 17 Early Jesuit Missionary Efforts: New Spain ........................... 19 Early Jesuit Missionary Efibrts: New France ......................... 22 Jesuit Spirituality and the “Spiritual Exercises” .................................. 26 Jesuit Philosophy of Education ............................................................ 34 Summary .............................................................................................. 36 Notes..................................................................................................... 37 2. Early Contact and the Quest for Supremacy in North America ..................... 46 European Events Leading to Initial Contact Between Europe and the Americas..................................................................... 46 Division of the World and Earliest Contacts with America............... 49 vu The Quest for Supremacy in North America ...................................... 53 A Shared Resource: The Fisheries of Newfoundland 53 The Spanish in North America................................................ 54 The French in North America................................................. 56 Early French Exploration of the Mississippi RiverValley ................... 61 Jesuit Missions in the Upper Mississippi River Valley....................... 69