101 KAVAKA 55 : 101-107 (2020) .doi:10.36460/Kavaka/55/2020/101-107 Species Richness of Macrofungi and Ethnomycological Studies in Chitlang, Makwanpur, Central Nepal Priyanka Shah*, Hari Prasad Aryal and Tej Bahadur Darji Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal *Corresponding author Email: [email protected] (Submitted on August 23, 2020; Accepted on December 10, 2020) ABSTRACT Macrofungi, the most diverse groups of organisms on earth constitute a significant part of terrestrial ecosystems. Wild edible mushrooms are important non-timber forest products, a potential source of income in terms local trade and export. Inspite of their significant role in ecosystems they are facing threat of extinction due to environment destruction. The main objective of this research is to explore the species richness and indigenous knowledge of macrofungi in the study area. The study was conducted from July to September 2019 in Chitlang, Makwanpur. Field investigation was done by using systematic random sampling where plot of 10×10 m2 were layed in line transect at 1600 m, 1800 m and 2000 m. A participatory rural appraisal technique was adopted to obtain information largely on ethnomycological aspects. This investigation explored the diversity of higher fungi with their identification, documentation and utilization. The study reported 129 species belonging to 41 families, 70 genera and 13 orders. The research revealed the use of 13 species of mushroom by the local respondents. Species richness of macrofungi increases with increase in soil moisture, litter cover, soil carbon but the relation between canopy cover and species richness was not significant. KEYWORDS: Altitudinal gradients, phosphate solubilization, subtropical ecosystem. INTRODUCTION people living 13000 years ago in Chile (Rojas and Mansur, 1955). In last few decades, there has been increasing Fungi represent the diverse group of organisms that ranges worldwide attention on the use of wild edible fungi (FAO, from microscopic forms to large mushrooms. These microbes 2004). In Nepal 1.7 to 6.5 tons of morels are exported with convert dead organic matter into protein, minerals and total value of 105,000 to 400,000 US $ (Olsen, 2004). alkaloids and number of bioactive components. Macrofungi Romans believed mushrooms to have properties that could are the members of Phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota produce super human strength, help in finding lost objects and having hypogeous or epigeous distinctive fruiting bodies. The leads the soul to the realm of the Gods (Grube et al., 2001). diversity of different groups of fungi varies from region to Edible mushrooms contain high level of dietary fiber, region and is higher in the subtropical and temperate regions substantial amount of protein, vitamins and minerals but are in comparison to the tropical, subalpine and alpine zones low in fat. They also have various properties for health benefits (Adhikari, 2000). Presence of varied phytogeographic factors such as antioxidative, antitumor and hypercholesterolic effects in Nepal plays an imperative role in the growth and diversity (Cheung, 2010). Wild edible macrofungi are acknowledged not of fungi which inturn have made the country a natural house only for texture and flavor but also for their chemical and for mycodiversity. They make among the most diverse groups nutritional characteristics (Tapwal et al., 2013) and are also of organisms on our planet.The world over it is estimated that considered as best alternative for meat and fish. The around 2.2-3.8 million fungi including mushrooms exist in knowledge about the utilization of wild mushrooms varies nature out of which only about 7% are known (Hawksworth from culture, beliefs and region that pass within generation. and Luking, 2017). However, GBIF.org (2020) estimated the This type of study helps to record the folklore of fungi by a global fungal species at about 19,056,194. Amongst these the specific local community and aids in evaluation of the estimated number of mushrooms is reported to be about services provided by wild fungi which will be useful in 1,50,000 to 1,60,000 species, out of which approximately conservation plans. 16000 mushroom species are reported to have been described (Zied and Pardo-Gimenez, 2017). MATERIALS AND METHODS The history of assessment of macrofungal diversity in Nepal Study area: The study was conducted in Chitlang-9, Thaha dates back to mid of 19th century when J D Hooker explored Municipality, Makwanpur district, Province no. 3, Central the mushrooms of East Nepal from 1848-1854 in a botanical Nepal (Fig. 1), located in the south west of Kathmandu valley survey. Till date from Nepal 357 genera (72 genera of in mid-hills called Mahabharat range. Its geographical Ascomycota and 285 genera of Basidiomycota) and 1,291 location of the area is 85º17’804” to 85º18’155” E longitude species (165 species of Ascomycota and 1,126 species of and 27o65’665” to 27º65’672” N latitude. This region covers Basidiomycota) belonging to 108 families have been mid hills area which ranges from 1750 to 2000 meters above documented (Devkota and Aryal, 2020). sea level. The forest covers the area of 196 hectares.The average annual rainfall is 136-216 mm (DHM, 2018). Study Ethnomycology is the study of historical uses and was conducted in two types of forest, i.e. Chandragiri sociological aspects of fungi which is considered as subfield Community Forest and Bicharthok Leasehold Forest. The of ethnobotany. Wasson (1969) is credited for coining the dominant plant species in the area are represented by Acer term “Ethnomycology”. Mushrooms have been used by the oblongum, Alnus nepalensis, Berberis aristata, Betula ancient people and primitive tribes from coon’s ages. The alnoides, Castanopsis indica, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, archaeological record reveals edible species associated with 102 Species Richness of Macrofungi and Ethnomycological Studies in Chitlang, Makwanpur, Central Nepal Machilus odoratissima, Myrica esculenta, Prunus Ethnomycological Survey: A participatory rural appraisal cerasoides, Pinus wallichiana, Pyracantha crenulata, Pyrus (PRA) survey was conducted with local people aimed at pashia, Quercus lamellosa, Q. glauca, Q. semecarpifolia, getting information largely on mycodiversity aspects Rhododendron arborerium, Rhus javanica, Rubus ellipticus (Freudenberg, 2011). Ethnomycological data was collected and Syzygium cumini in the Chandragiri Community Forest; randomly using combined semi-structured questionnaire, and Celtis australis, Prunus cerasoides, Pinus wallichiana, participatory discussions and field observations. The oral Quercus lamellose, Q. lanata, Q. glauca, Q. tribuloides and interview involved mainly the available household head, Rhododendron arborerium in managed Bicharthok sometimes assisted by other members. The interview Leasehold Forest. campaign involved 60 informants, all randomly selected. The questions were focused basically on the informant’s Sampling design: The survey was conducted from July to knowledge concerning the different uses of wild September, 2019. A detailed study of macrofungi was made mushrooms including local name of the mushroom, types of by using systematic random sampling where plot of size 2 mushroom (edible or poisonous) and uses of mushroom (as 10×10 m were sampled in line transect. Three line transect food value or medicinal value or cultural value) among the were made in equal distance in 1600 m, 1800 m and 2000 m different tribal communities. The sites of mushroom above sea level (asl )in both forests. In each transect, 6 plots collection and other related information was ascertained were taken and in all total 18 plots were sampled in each forest from the villagers in the locality. Required materials were type at a distance of 20 m (O’Hanlon and Harrington, 2012) used on the basis of standard protocols (Brundrett et al., along 3 transect. Soil samples were collected from the four 1996). corners and the center of each plot in both study sites at the depth of 10 cm using a soil digger (Zobel et al., 1987). These Sample Collection: Samples were photographed in their samples were mixed homogenously to make composite natural habitat and their morphological characters were noted sample. Tree canopy cover and litter cover (in percentage) before collection. The broken, rotten and insect eaten species were estimated visually. were discarded. The developmental stages of basidiocarp Fig.1. Map of study area: (a) Nepal showing Makwanpur district; (b) Makwanpur district showing Thaha municipality; (c) Thaha municipality showing Chitlang. Priyanka Shah, Hari Prasad Aryal and Tej Bahadur Darji 103 were picked carefully by digging with knife or digger. Three Xylariales with 1 species each (Fig. 2). Among them 121 visits were made for the collection of macrofungi and 3 sets of species of mushrooms belong to phylum Basidiomycota and 8 specimens were collected. Specific collection number was species belongs to phylum Ascomycota The mushrooms were given to each species. Almost all species were preserved collected from the two forest types, i.e. natural forest and liquid and dry depending on the nature of mushroom (fleshy managed forest. Out of 129 species of mushrooms, 77 species or woody). The specimens which are hard to touch were sun were recorded from managed forest whereas 106 species were dried for some time to prevent rotting and placed in paper recorded from natural forest (Table 1). bags with some Napthalene balls/1,4 paradichlorobenzene