${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419722 - Wednesday, August 08, 2018 4:53:30 AM IP Address:136.173.180.8 Tourism for Development Volume I: Key Areas for Action This report was made possible thanks to the support of the sponsors and partners of the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development, 2017: Official Sponsors: Amadeus | All Nippon Airways | Balearic Islands Tourism Agency | Chimelong Group | Global Tourism Economy Research Centre | Government of Colombia | Government of Morocco | Hilton | Minube | PR Mediaco | Ras Al-Khaimah Tourism Development Authority Diamond Partners: Capital Airlines | Eventísimo | Georgian National Tourism Administration | Mastercard | Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan | Ministry of Tourism of Mexico | Patronato de Turismo Ayuntamiento de Arona | The Travel Corporation Gold Partners: Agència Catalana de Turisme | Agència Valenciana del Turisme | Airbnb | Alpahaland Development Corporation | East Asia Inter-Regional Tourism Forum ( EATOF ) | German National Tourist Board | Global Geoparks Network | Innovation Norway | Intercontinental Hotels Group | Price Waterhouse Cooper | Turismo de Portugal and University of Applied Sciences HTW Chur – Institute of Tourism and Leisure Silver Partners: Explora | JTB Corporation | Mundo Unido Cooperación / Ecorun | Myclimate | South Pole Group | Swisscontact Friends: ANVR Netherlands | Betterfly | Biohotel Stanglwirt | BIZIBIZIKI | Borneo Eco Tours | Cabi | Desarrollo de Investigaciones Turísticas / Globaldit | ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419722 - Wednesday, August 08, 2018 4:53:30 AM IP Address:136.173.180.8 Diputación de Lleida | Eden Network AISBL | Federation for Environmental Education – Blue Flag and Federation of Environmental Education-Green Key | Hersonisos Municipality | InLombardia | International Tourism Partnership | Lufthansa Group | Mountain Lodges of Peru | Peace Boat | Private Foundation of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau | Rainbow Garden Village | Technical University of Crete – Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems | TripAdvisor | Université d’Angers/UFR ESTHUA | V & A Waterfront | Viajes con Encanto SL dba Civitatis | Zürich Tourism Special Partner: State Secretariat for Economic Affairs of Switzerland Tourism for Development Volume I: Key Areas for Action ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419722 - Wednesday, August 08, 2018 4:53:30 AM IP Address:136.173.180.8 Copyright © 2018, World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) Copyright cover photo: © Sergey Mostovoy | Dreamstime.com Tourism for Development – Volume I: Key Areas for Action ISBN volume I (printed version): 978-92-844-1971-5 ISBN volume I (electronic version): 978-92-844-1972-2 | DOI: 10.18111/9789284419722 ISBN volume II (printed version): 978-92-844-1973-9 ISBN volume II (electronic version): 978-92-844-1974-6 | DOI: 10.18111/9789284419746 ISBN volume I and II (printed version): 978-92-844-1975-3 ISBN volume I and II (electronic version): 978-92-844-1976-0 Published by the World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ), Madrid, Spain. 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Table of contents Acknowledgments 7 Foreword 9 Executive summary 11 Introduction 19 Chapter 1 Pillar 1: Sustainable economic growth 25 1.1 Understanding the context: dynamics between tourism and economic growth 26 1.1.1 Tourism’s contribution to GDP, exports and jobs 26 1.1.2 Rapid growth of the tourism sector 29 1.2 Key areas for action 31 1.2.1 Strengthening linkages and opportunities in the tourism value chain 31 1.2.2 Creating an enabling environment for tourism businesses 33 1.2.3 Improving openness and connectivity 36 1.2.4 Advancing technology and innovation 38 1.2.5 Measuring tourism and managing growth 39 1.2.6 Maintaining tourism resilience 41 1.3 Recommendations 42 Chapter 2 Pillar 2: Social inclusiveness, employment and poverty reduction 45 2.1 Understanding the context: Tourism’s role in social inclusiveness, employment and poverty reduction 46 2.2 Key areas for action 46 2.3 Pursuing greater social inclusiveness through tourism 47 2.3.1 Empowering women 47 2.3.2 Empowering youth 50 2.3.3 Providing tourism experiences for all 51 ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419722 - Wednesday, August 08, 2018 4:53:30 AM IP Address:136.173.180.8 2.3.4 Supporting local communities 53 2.4 Strengthening decent work 55 2.5 Alleviating poverty 57 2.5.1 Focusing on an inclusive growth approach to poverty reduction 58 2.6 Recommendations 60 Chapter 3 Pillar 3: Resource efficiency, environmental protection and climate change 63 3.1 Understanding the context: Tourism and the environment 64 3.2 Key areas for action 65 3.2.1 Using resources more efficiently 66 3.2.2 Conserving biodiversity and protecting the natural environment 70 3.2.3 Mitigating and adapting to climate change 73 3.3 Recommendations 76 Chapter 4 Pillar 4: Cultural values, diversity and heritage 79 4.1 Understanding the context: Tourism and culture 80 4.1.1 Defining culture and its relation to sustainable development 80 4.1.2 The dynamics between culture and tourism 81 4.2 Key areas for action 81 4.2.1 Championing cultural tourism as a tool for sustainable development 82 4.2.2 Safeguarding and promoting cultural heritage 83 4.2.3 Gaining value from contemporary culture and the creative industries 86 4.3 Recommendations 88 Chapter 5 Pillar 5: Mutual understanding, peace and security 91 5.1 Understanding the context: tourism and peace 92 5.2 Key areas for action 93 5.2.1 Creating a culture of peace and global citizenship 93 5.2.2 Using tourism development as an agent for peace and reconciliation 95 5.2.3 Promoting safety and security 97 5.3 Recommendations 98 Chapter 6 Governance, policies and tools for sustainable tourism 101 6.1 Effective governance for sustainable tourism 102 6.1.1 International level 102 6.1.2 National level 102 6.1.3 Regional and local levels 103 6.1.4 Vertical coordination 105 6.2 Policies, plans and tools to support sustainable tourism development 105 6.2.1 Policies and plans 106 6.2.2 Data collection, analysis and monitoring 107 ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419722 - Wednesday, August 08, 2018 4:53:30 AM IP Address:136.173.180.8 6.2.3 Tools to influence tourism development, investment and operations 109 6.2.4 Funding sustainable tourism for development 111 6.3 Recommendations 112 Conclusions 113 Annexes 117 Annex 1 Recognition of the role of tourism for development 119 Annex 2 How tourism can contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals 122 Annex 3 Research studies on the relationship between tourism and development 125 Annex 4 Tourism and development assistance 129 List of acronyms and abbreviations 131 References and bibliography 133 ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419722 - Wednesday, August 08, 2018 4:53:30 AM IP Address:136.173.180.8 ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419722 - Wednesday, August 08, 2018 4:53:30 AM IP Address:136.173.180.8 T 7 Acknowledgments This publication on Tourism for Development was coordinated by the World Tourism Organization’s (UNWTO) Partnerships for Development Department, overseen by Cordula Wohlmuther with the support of Nicole Groot Zevert. UNWTO expresses its sincere appreciation to the external experts Richard Denman and Gabriela Aguerrevere, and Hannah R. Messerli and Jennifer Stange from George Washington University for their valuable input and cooperation. Special thanks go to Ruya Leghari for her editorial work, as well as to the following UNWTO representatives for their tireless support and constructive contributions: Amr Abdel Ghaffar, Kazi Afzal, Rafeeuddin Ahmed, Roxana Ashtari, Sandra Carvão, Beatriz Cercas, Marina Diotallevi, Márcio Favilla, Patrick Fritz, Isabel Garaña, Dirk Glaesser, Marie- Alise Elcia Grandcourt, Sofia Gutierrez, Hae-Guk Hwang, Christopher Imbsen, Peter Janech, Xu Jing, Nina Jo, John Kester, Sarbuland Khan, Marcel Leijzer, Philippe Lemaistre, Cláudia Lisboa, Hanane Louzari, Willem Luijkx, Jaime Mayaki, Patricia Muñoz King, Yolanda Perdomo, Alla Peressolova, Clara van der Pol, Ana Ramos Pérez, Martin Ross, Vanessa Satur, Samiti Siv, Sascha Stange, Esencan Terzibasoglu, Virginia F.