//SYS21///INTEGRA/BST/VOL1/REVISES 21-7-2001/BSTA01.3D ± 1 ± [1±24/24] 26.7.2001 4:11PM Basic Ship Theory //SYS21///INTEGRA/BST/VOL1/REVISES 21-7-2001/BSTA01.3D ± 2 ± [1±24/24] 26.7.2001 4:11PM //SYS21///INTEGRA/BST/VOL1/REVISES 21-7-2001/BSTA01.3D ± 3 ± [1±24/24] 26.7.2001 4:11PM Basic Ship Theory K.J. Rawson MSc, DEng, FEng, RCNC, FRINA, WhSch E.C. Tupper BSc, CEng, RCNC, FRINA, WhSch Fifth edition Volume 1 Chapters 1 to 9 Hydrostatics and Strength OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI //SYS21///INTEGRA/BST/VOL1/REVISES 21-7-2001/BSTA01.3D ± 4 ± [1±24/24] 26.7.2001 4:11PM Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 Adivision of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd Amember of the Reed Elsevier plc group First published by Longman Group Limited 1968 Second edition 1976 (in two volumes) Third edition 1983 Fourth edition 1994 Fifth edition 2001 # K.J. Rawson and E.C. Tupper 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 0LP. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Rawson, K.J. (Kenneth John), 1926± Basic ship theory. ± 5th ed. Vol. 1, ch. 1±9: Hydrostatics and strength K.J. Rawson, E.C. Tupper 1. Naval architecture 2. Shipbuilding I. Title II. Tupper, E.C. (Eric Charles), 1928± 623.801 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Rawson, K.J. Basic ship theory/K.J. Rawson, E.C. Tupper. ± 5th ed. p. cm. Contents: v.1. Hydrostatics and strength ± v.2. Ship dynamics and design. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7506-5396-5 (v.1: alk. paper) ± ISBN 0-7506-5397-3 (v.2: alk. paper) 1. Naval architecture I. Tupper, E.C. II. Title. VM156 .R37 2001 623.801±dc21 2001037513 ISBN 0 7506 5396 5 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.bh.com Typeset in India at Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India 605005; www.integra-india.com ........................................................Introduction Symbols.............................. and nomenclature ................................................1 Art or science? ...............................................................1.1 Authorities ......................................................2 Some tools .......................................2.1 Basic geometric concepts 2.2 .................................Properties of irregular shapes ..........................................2.3 Approximate integration ..............................................................2.4 Computers 2.5 Appriximate.............................. formulae and rules .................................................................2.6 Statistics ...................................................2.7 Worked examples .................................................................2.8 Problems ...........................................3 Flotation and trim ..................................................................3.1 Flotation ......................................................3.2 Hydrostatic data ...................................................3.3 Worked examples .................................................................3.4 Problems ............................................................4 Stability ..........................................................4.1 Initial stability ...................................................4.2 Complete stability ..................................................4.3 Dynamical stability ...............................................4.4 Stability assessment .................................................................4.5 Problems ..................................5 Hazards and protection .............................................5.1 Flooding and collision .................................................5.2 Safety of life at sea .........................................................5.3 Other hazards .....................................................5.4 Abnormal waves ..........................................5.5 Environmental pollution .................................................................5.6 Problems ................................................6 The ship girder .........................................6.1 The standard calculation ...........................................6.2 Material considerations ............................................................6.3 Conclusions .................................................................6.4 Problems 7 Structural design...................... and analysis ......................................................7.1 Stiffened plating .....................................................7.2 Panels of plating ............................................................7.3 Frameworks .......................................7.4 Finite element techniques 7.5 Realistic assessment of structral............. elements ....................................................................7.6 Fittings .................................................................7.7 Problems .................................8 Launching and docking ...............................................................8.1 Launching ...................................................................8.2 Docking .................................................................8.3 Problems 9 The ship environment and human factors... 9.1 The external........................ environment. The sea .....................................................................9.2 Waves ....................................................................9.3 Climate .................................................9.4 Physical limitations ........................................9.5 The internal environment ...................................................................9.6 Motions .....................................................................9.7 The air ...................................................................9.8 Lighting .................................................9.9 Vibration and noise ......................................................9.10 Human factors ...............................................................9.11 Problems .......................................................Bibliography ........................................Answers to problems ................................................................... Index //SYS21///INTEGRA/BST/VOL1/REVISES 21-7-2001/BSTA01.3D ± 11 ± [1±24/24] 26.7.2001 4:11PM Forewordto the ®fth edition Over the last quarter of the last century there were many changes in the maritime scene. Ships may now be much larger; their speeds are generally higher; the crews have become drastically reduced; there are many dierent types (including hovercraft, multi-hull designs and so on); much quicker and more accurate assessments of stability, strength, manoeuvring, motions and powering are possible using complex computer programs; on-board computer systems help the operators; ferries carry many more vehicles and passengers; and so the list goes on. However, the fundamental concepts of naval architec- ture, which the authors set out when Basic Ship Theory was ®rst published, remain as valid as ever. As with many other branches of engineering, quite rapid advances have been made in ship design, production and operation. Many advances relate to the eectiveness (in terms of money, manpower and time) with which older proced- ures or methods can be accomplished. This is largely due to the greater eciency and lower cost of modern computers and proliferation of information available. Other advances are related to our fundamental understanding of naval architecture and the environment in which ships operate. These tend to be associated with the more advanced aspects of the subject: more complex programs for analysing structures, for example, which are not appropriate to a basic text book. The naval architect is aected not only by changes in technology but also by changes in society itself. Fashions change as do the concerns of the public, often stimulated by the press. Some tragic losses in the last few years of the twentieth century brought increased public concern for the safety of ships and those sailing in them, both passengers and crew. It must be recognized, of course, that increased safety usually means more cost so that a con¯ict between money and safety is to be expected. In spite of steps taken as a result of these experiences, there are, sadly, still many losses of ships, some quite large and some involving signi®cant loss of life. It remains important, therefore, to strive to improve still further the safety of ships and protection of the environment. Steady, if somewhat slow, progress is being made by the national and interna- tional bodies concerned. Public concern for the environment impacts upon ship design and operation. Thus, tankers must be designed to reduce the risk of oil spillage