ALASKAN WAY VIADUCT REPLACEMENT PROJECT Final Environmental Impact Statement APPENDIX R Energy Discipline Report Submitted by: PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF Prepared by: PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF J U L Y 2 0 1 1 Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project Final EIS Energy Discipline Report The Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project is a joint effort between the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), and the City of Seattle. To conduct this project, WSDOT contracted with: Parsons Brinckerhoff 999 Third Avenue, Suite 3200 Seattle, WA 98104 In association with: Coughlin Porter Lundeen, Inc. EnviroIssues, Inc. GHD, Inc. HDR Engineering, Inc. Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Inc. Mimi Sheridan, AICP Parametrix, Inc. Power Engineers, Inc. Shannon & Wilson, Inc. William P. Ott Construction Consultants SR 99: Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project July 2011 Energy Discipline Report Final EIS This Page Intentionally Left Blank TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction and Summary .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Summary of Analysis .................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 2 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Transportation Energy .................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Greenhouse Gases and Transportation ........................................................................ 7 2.3 Study Area .................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Applicable Regulations and Guidelines ........................................................................ 9 2.5 Analysis Methodology, Data Needs, and Sources ........................................................ 9 2.5.1 Operational Energy Effects ................................................................................. 9 2.5.2 Traffic Data ....................................................................................................... 12 2.5.3 Construction Energy Effects ............................................................................. 12 2.5.4 Construction Data ............................................................................................. 12 2.5.5 Motor Vehicle Fuel Use Emission Factor .......................................................... 13 2.5.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................................................. 13 2.5.7 Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions ........................................................ 13 2.5.8 Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Electrical Power .................................. 14 Chapter 3 Studies and Coordination .................................................................................... 15 Chapter 4 Affected Environment .......................................................................................... 17 4.1 City of Seattle ............................................................................................................. 17 4.2 Washington State ....................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 5 Operational Energy Effects, Mitigation, and Benefits ....................................... 19 5.1 Operational Energy Effects of the 2030 Viaduct Closed (No Build Alternative) .......... 19 5.1.1 Scenario 1: Sudden Unplanned Closure of the Viaduct .................................... 19 5.1.2 Scenario 2: Catastrophic and Complete Collapse of the Viaduct ..................... 20 5.1.3 Comparison of Scenarios 1 and 2 .................................................................... 20 5.2 Operational Energy Effects ......................................................................................... 20 5.3 Mitigation of Operational Energy Effects ..................................................................... 22 5.4 Energy Benefits of the Project .................................................................................... 22 Chapter 6 Construction Energy Effects and Mitigation ...................................................... 23 6.1 Construction Energy Effects ....................................................................................... 24 6.2 Mitigation of Construction Energy Effects ................................................................... 25 Chapter 7 Greenhouse Gas Effects ...................................................................................... 27 7.1 Greenhouse Gas Effects of 2015 Existing Conditions ................................................ 27 7.2 Greenhouse Gas Effects of the 2030 Viaduct Closed (No Build Alternative) and the Build Alternatives ................................................................................... 28 Chapter 8 Indirect Greenhouse Gas Effects ........................................................................ 31 Chapter 9 Operational Energy Effects, Mitigation, and Benefits of Tolling ...................... 33 9.1 Operational Energy Effects ......................................................................................... 33 9.2 Mitigation of Operational Energy Effects ..................................................................... 36 SR 99: Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project July 2011 Energy Discipline Report i Final EIS 9.3 Energy Benefits of the Project .................................................................................... 36 Chapter 10 Greenhouse Gas Effects of Tolling .................................................................. 37 10.1 Greenhouse Gas Effects of the Viaduct Closed (No Build Alternative) and Build Alternatives ................................................................................................ 37 Chapter 11 References .......................................................................................................... 41 LIST OF ATTACHMENTS A Energy and Greenhouse Gas Calculations SR 99: Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Project July 2011 Energy Discipline Report ii Final EIS LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit 1-1. Other Projects Included in the Alaskan Way Viaduct and Seawall Replacement Program ................................................................................................... 3 Exhibit 1-2. Summarized Results of Energy and Greenhouse Gas Analyses .................................. 5 Exhibit 2-1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector in 2005 for the United States and Washington State .......................................................................................................... 8 Exhibit 2-2. Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potentials ................................................................ 8 Exhibit 2-3. City Center Study Area ................................................................................................ 10 Exhibit 2-4. Regional Study Area .................................................................................................... 11 Exhibit 4-1. Washington State Energy Consumption by Sector in 2008 ......................................... 18 Exhibit 5-1. Roadway Vehicle Miles of Travel ................................................................................. 21 Exhibit 5-2. Existing and 2030 Daily Roadway Vehicle Energy Consumption ................................ 21 Exhibit 5-3. Total Daily Regional Operational Energy Consumption ............................................... 22 Exhibit 6-1. Construction Energy Consumption .............................................................................. 25 Exhibit 7-1. 2015 Daily CO2e Roadway Emissions Estimates ........................................................ 27 Exhibit 7-2. 2015 Existing Conditions Total Regional Operational Daily CO2e Emissions .............. 27 Exhibit 7-3. 2015 Existing and 2030 Daily CO2e Roadway Emissions Estimates ........................... 29 Exhibit 7-4. 2015 Existing and 2030 Total Regional Operational Daily CO2e Emissions ................ 29 Exhibit 7-5. Construction CO2e Emissions ..................................................................................... 30 Exhibit 9-1. Existing and 2030 Daily Regional Operational Energy Consumption, Viaduct Closed (No Build Alternative) and Bored Tunnel Alternative, Tolled and Non-Tolled ................................................................................................................... 34 Exhibit 9-2. Existing and 2030 Daily Regional Operational Energy Consumption, Viaduct Closed (No Build Alternative) and Cut-and-Cover Tunnel Alternative, Tolled and Non-Tolled ............................................................................................................ 34 Exhibit 9-3. Existing and 2030 Daily Regional Operational Energy Consumption, Viaduct Closed (No Build Alternative) and Elevated Structure Alternative, Tolled and Non-Tolled ................................................................................................................... 35 Exhibit 10-1. Existing and 2030 Daily Regional Operational