Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Systematics Studies of the Genus Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae): Fruit Morphological Aspects Nurul Izzati Binti Azman (45958) Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Resources Science and Management) 2017 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK Grade: Please tiek (-..J) Final Year Project Report G2J Mast.ers D PhD D DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK This dechll'ation is made on t he. year Stude nt's Declaration : I N_l,\A0J__ .lh.:EI1L&WJJ _ ~?,r!"~H __;V±~ (1'2_~) _ i_ Jo\QIl _~I__ ~LI?-_ ~~_ o.\1 .Q,~_~ __s.<: \~ _!\\C:~_ .I:\~l) K l 4t-10 (PLEAS E INDICATE NAME. MATRIC NO. AND FACULTY) he rebv declare that the work entitled, \..~J!;tlI-'!fI.I._!J.~.M_t Ul-J!,<_I;i.(.tlk'~__ e.!Y!Ii.rn\'\J!L~_ g!.t'--'.!:!t!~_\_~.~ _I;-;ft."So_~ )is my original work. I have rtll/lIf rt11'ltI'Hlil0C<1CI\L tHr",c. i> not copied from any other sfudents work or from any other so urces with the exception where due reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part of the work been written for me by another person. 1"1 10(, I Jon Date submitted Name of t ~ (Matric No.) N.AIl..CI'l 122.4TI ~\\.JT\ AJ-rrlA-lII i..( <)0\ 5"B Supervisor's Declaration: I D.~W'(Y1(l- n~1A2:l!?mm\l Al'lOl~ Ll~l~\ " '-- -.- -- ----;p i::fi.- ;;.riC"_Zti1ci'1')iO'rH~ - ;':';tiv~ i~W~ ~%~~AME) , he reby certuy that the work entItled. :; n-- _- - ltlli{~ -ng r-i' j:..V;1TVVi':' TR"lKljQRPiCATI'l:i'fFLE) was prepared by the aforeme ntioned or above mentioned student. a nd was submltLed to the "FACULTY" as a * pmtiallftrH ,ulfilhiletIt for the conferment or '(>l\_~tI_/::_\._\l_~J)J____Y.l~L~_\,j~~l~~_~ _ .~l,,!~~h\.-..lY)iL _g.t;it \'Yl \.: rvT (PLEASE INDICATE THE DEGRgE TITLE). and the a for ementioned work, to the best of my knowledge. is the said student's \-vork Received for examination by: (Name of the supervisor) I declare this Project/Thesis is classified as (Please tick (-.I»: D CONFIDENTIA L (Conta ins confidential information unde r t he Official Secret Act 1972)* DRESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done)* %OPEN ACCESS I declare this ProjecUThesis is to be s ubmitted to the Centre for Academic Information Services (CAlS) and uploaded into UNlMAS Institutional Repository (UNliVlAS IH) (Please tick (Y): Validation of Proje ct/Thesis I h ereby duly a ffirmed with free consent and willingness declared that this said Project/Thesis s hall be placed offi cially in the Centre for Acade mic Informatio n Services with the abide interest a nd righ ts as follows: • This Project/Thesis is the sole legal property of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIM AS) . • The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to make copies of the ProjecUThesis for academic and research purposes only a nd not for other purposes. • The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to digitize the content to be uploaded into Local Content Database. • The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to make copies of t he Project/Thesis if required for use by other parties for academic purposes or by other Higher Learning Institutes. • No dispute or a ny claim s hall a rise from the student himself I herself neither a third party on this Project/Thesis once it becomes the sole property of UNIMAS. • This ProjectlThesis or any material. data a nd in formation related to it s hall not be distributed, published or disclosed to a ny party by the stud e i..}\ i~~lber s e lf. \V it l ,l~ firs t obtaining a pproval from UNIMAS. Q ~"~ ~ ---: , ;~DUl lAI , ~ 4," T" .. ) 1~ WA"'';:L,... Stude nt's signature _ _rVJlJ.!=='71___ _ _ ---,- Supervisor's signa tur.' e.: (Date) \0) /1; (, I ~o 11- (Dale) I~ -06-~l Current Addres;;: NQ &0 P(~i'YlA-HI\(Y t:.-"nA 8'tAfIICA-\ IIANCt OE,lt;() \'E-f\104WG \:"ChAH i • Notes: * If the Project/Thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach together as annexure a letter from the organisation with the date of restriction indicated, and th e reasons for the - confidentiiJlity a nd restriction. [The ins trument was prepared by The Centre for Academic Information Services] Systematics Studies of the Genus Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae): Fruit Morphological Aspect Nurul Izzati Binti Azman (45958) This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours Plant Resource Science and Management Plant Resources Science and Management Programme Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2017 ii APPROVAL SHEET Name of Candidate: Nurul Izzati Binti Azman Student No: 45958 Title of Project: Systematics Studies of the Genus Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae): Fruit Morphological Aspects. ------------------------------------------------ (Dr. Qammil Muzzammil Abdullah @ Meekiong Kalu) Supervisor ------------------------------------------------ (Dr. Freddy Yeo Kuok San) Coordinator Plant Resource Science and Management Programme Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. iii DECLARATION This project is done for the subject of STF 3015 Final Year Project 2 2016/2017. It is based on my original work except for quotation and citation which have been acknowledged. I declare that no portion of this research work had been submitted to support the application of other degree or qualification at any other universities or institutions of higher learning. __________________________ Nurul Izzati Binti Azman Plant Resource Science and Management Programme Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Jun, 2017 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulillah, I am able to finish my final year project thesis. First of all, I would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Qammil Muzzammil Abdullah @ Meekiong Kalu for useful guidance, encouragement, suggestion, helped me to coordinate my project and thesis and also for giving me knowledge on identifying Amomum species while collecting samples. A special thanks to post grade student, Aimi Syazana Binti Sidek whose willing to guides me during my project by assistance through my learning process. Furthermore, I also like to thanks all lecturers for helping me in finishing my thesis. I would like to acknowledge UNIMAS for providing laboratory facilities and give me chance to apply my knowledge here. Besides, I would like to give many thanks to my beloved parents Azman Bin Mohd Taib and Saloni Binti Suid, and also Muhammad Amzar Wajdi Bin Mahamad Isa for staying by my side and endless support given along the project. Not to forget my lab mate, Nurul Amanina Binti Md. Raub who always give many help and also suggestion in finishing my project and also my course mate for continuous help and support in making this project successful. v TABLE OF CONTENT Page Declaration iv Acknowledgements v Tables of Contents vi List of Abbreviations vii List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Abstract xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1 Order Zingiberales 3 2.2 Family Zingiberaceae 6 2.3 Genus Amomum Roxb. 7 2.4 Fruit Morphology 8 2.5 Fruit Anatomy 9 2.6 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 10 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 3.1 Materials & Sites 11 3.2 Methods 14 3.2.1 Morphology 14 3.2.2 Anatomy 14 3.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 15 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 17 4.1 Amomum 17 4.2 Morphology 17 4.2.1 Type of fruit 17 4.2.2 Shape 18 4.2.3 Measurement 18 4.2.4 No of fruit per peduncle 20 4.2.5 Colour 20 4.2.6 Special features 20 4.2.7 Bract 21 4.2.8 Peduncle 22 4.2.9 Pedicel 22 4.3 Micro-morphological 29 4.3.1 Fruit ornamentation 29 4.4 Anatomy 33 4.4.1 Locule structure 33 4.4.2 Pericarp 34 4.5 Key to selected Amomum species 37 4.6 Description of species 38 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 51 CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES 52 CHAPTER 8: APPENDICES 54 vi ABBREVIATION aff. Affinis (around) c. Circa (approximately) cm Centimetre mm Milimetre sp. Species SAR Acronym for Herbarium Department of Forest Sarawak SEM Scanning Electron Microscope HUMS Acronym for Herbarium Universiti Malaysia Sarawak UNIMAS Universiti Malaysia Sarawak MP Megapixel LED Light-emitting diode USB Universal Serial Bus vii LIST OF TABLE Page Table 1 : Morphology of Amomum fruits. 27 Table 2 : Fruit ornamentation of Amomum fruits. 32 Table 3 : Anatomy of Amomum fruits. 36 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1: Phylogenetic tree of Zingiberales based on a partitioned ML of 5 concatenated plastid and nuclear sequence Figure 2: The Map of Malaysia (Taken from Google Map) 11 Figure 3: Location of Gunung Payang, Tebedu, Serian, Sarawak 12 (Taken from Google Maps) Figure 4: Location of Gua Musang, Kelantan (Taken from Google Maps) 12 Figure 5: Location of Dered Krian, Bau, Sarawak (Taken from Google Maps) 12 Figure 6: Location of Long Banga, Miri, Sarawak (Taken from Google Maps) 12 Figure 7: Location of Cameron Highlands, Pahang (Taken from Google Maps) 13 Figure 8: Location of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak 13 (Taken from Google Maps) Figure 9: Measurement of length of fruit with calyx. (A) Amomum 19 sp. 9 (B) Amomum sp. 10 (C) Amomum sp. 13 (D) Amomum sp. 8 (aff. uliginosum) Figure 10: Amomum spiceum on peduncle taken from the sampling site 23 Figure 11: The bract of Amomum sp. 17 fruit connected with the pedicel.