EnvironmentAsia AvailableAvailable online online at www.tshe.org/EA at www.tshe.org/EA The international journal published by the Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment EnvironmentAsiaEnvironmentAsia 8(1) 2 (2009)(2015) 133-14350-54 Genotoxicity Assessment of Mercuric Chloride in the Marine Fish Therapon jaruba Distribution of Selected Heavy Metals in Sediment of the River Basin of Coastal Area of Nagarajan Nagarani,Chanthaburi Arumugam Kuppusamy Province, Kumaraguru, Gulf of Thailand Velmurugan Janaki Devi and Chandrasekaran Archana Devi Jakkapan Potipat a, b, Nongnutch Tangkrock-olan c and Herbert F. Helander d Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, a Graduate School,Madurai Faculty Kamaraj of Science, University, Burapha Madurai-625021, University, Chonburi, India 20131 Thailand b Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University, Chantaburi, 22000 Thailand Abstract c Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand d Department of Gastroresearch, Sahlgren Academy, Göteborg University, Sweden The aim of the present study was to standardize and to assess the predictive value of the cytogenetic analysis byAbstract Micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes as a biomarker for marine environmental contamination. Micronucleus frequency baseline in erythrocytes was evaluated in and genotoxic potential of a common chemical was determined in fishThe experimentally sediment samples exposed from in 24 aquarium stations inunder coastal controlled area of Chanthaburiconditions. Fish Province (Therapon were collected jaruba) wereduring exposed March for2012 96 to hrsMarch to a 2013 single and heavy analyzed metal for (mercuric heavy metal chloride). contents Chromosomal (Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe,damage Cu and was Zn), determined pH, organic as mattersmicronuclei and grain frequency sizes. Thein fishcorrelation erythrocytes. analyses Significant showed that increase heavy metalin MN concentrations frequency was were observed affected in by erythrocytes the content ofof fishorganic exposed matter to and mercuric the size chloride.of clay particles. Concentration The evaluation of 0.25 ppm of the induced quality the of highest sediment MN was frequency carried out (2.95 using micronucleated the geoaccumulation cells/1000 index cells ( Icomparedgeo) and the toenrichment 1 MNcell/1000 factor (EF) cells as in well control as the animals).comparison The with study those revealed in the Thailand’s that micronucleus sediment quality test, as guideline an index (SQG) of cumulative values. The exposure,results of the appears geoaccumulation to be a sensitive index andmodel the enrichmentto evaluate factorgenotoxic values compounds of the heavy in metals fish under content controlled in the sediments conditions. revealed that the study area was unpolluted and not enriched, respectively. The relationship between the heavy metals concentration Keywords:and the organic genotoxicity; matter, and mercuric the clay chloride;particle was micronucleus proposed by using the multiple regression equations. Keywords: heavy metals; geoaccumulation index (Igeo); enrichment factor (EF); Chanthaburi Province 1. Introduction laboratory and field conditions. In 2006 Soumendra 1. Introduction etenvironment al., made an in attempt many toparts detect of geneticthe world biomarkers (Naji and In India, about 200 tons of mercury and its inIsmail, two fish2011; species, Yap and Labeo Wong, bata 2011; and BanerjeeOreochromis et al., compounds Heavy metalare introduced pollution isinto a serious the environment and widely mossambica,2012; Ong et al.,by 2013). MN and binucleate (BN) annuallyenvironmental as effluents problem from due industries to the (Saffi,persistent 1981). and erythrocytes The coastal in thearea gill of Chanthburiand kidney Province erythrocytes on the Mercuricnon-biodegradable chloride has properties been used of in the agriculture contaminants. as a exposedGulf of Thailand to thermal has a totalpower coastline plant of discharge approximately at fungicide,Sediments arein ultimatemedicine sink as anda topical storage antiseptic of heavy metals and Titagarh120 kilometers. Thermal It covers Power around Plant, 1,722 Kolkata, square India. kilometer disinfectant,accumulated and in coastalin chemistry areas as carried an intermediate by particles in of theThe three present river studybasin namely:was conducted the Wang-Ta-Nord, to determine the thethat production have been of transported other mercury as a compounds.result of erosion The theChanthaburi acute genotoxicity and the Welu. of the The heavy largest metal mangrove compound area contaminationand advection fromof aquatic original ecosystems sites in the by terrestrial heavy HgClin the2 eastern in static part systems. of Thailand Mercuric with high chloride abundance is toxic, and metalsenvironment and pesticides (Förstner, has 1978). gained increasing attention solvablebiodiversity in water of flora hence and itfauna can penetratewas located the in aquatic the Welu in recentThe distribution decades. Chronicof heavy exposuremetals level to inand the animals.river basin Mutagenic (Aksornkoae, studies 1975). with This native region fish is species notable accumulationsediments are of often these analyzed chemicals based in aquatic on the biota total representfor various an kinds important of anthropogenic effort in activities determining including: the canmetal result content in tissue(Yap and burdens Wong, that 2011) produce as well adverse as some potentialagriculture, effects fisheries, of toxic gemstone agents. mining,This study tourism, was effectsgeochemical not only indices in the directly to help exposed and support organisms, the carriedrecreation out activitiesto evaluate and the urban use ofcommunities the micronucleus (Raine, butinvestigation also in human of heavy beings. metal pollution in the study test1994). (MN) for the estimation of aquatic pollution area.Fish The provides degree aof suitable heavy modelmetals for loading monitoring in the using The marine aim edible of this fish study under is lab to conditions. investigate the aquaticsediment genotoxicitycan be harmful toand the environmentwastewater depending quality concentration and the distribution of heavy metals in becauseon the geochemical of its ability condition to metabolize existing xenobiotics in the sediments. and 2.the Materials surface sediments and methods from 24 stations of the river basin accumulatedPeng et al. (2009) pollutants. reported A that micronucleus the data of pH,assay organic has of coastal area of Chanthaburi Province and to classify beenmatter used and successfully grain size which in several temporally species and (De spatially Flora, 2.1.the qualitySample assessment Collection of surface sediments by using et al., 1993, Al-Sabti and Metcalfe, 1995). The varied amongst collected sediment samples are main the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and the enrichment micronucleusinfluence on heavy (MN) metals test mobilizationhas been indeveloped sediments. factorThe (EF). fish speciesThe determination selected for onthe the present relationship study together The studies with usingDNA-unwinding the geoaccumulation assays index as wasbetween collected the heavy from metal Pudhumadam concentrations coast and of Gulfsediment of perspective methods for mass monitoring of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India. Therapon (Igeo) and the enrichment factor (EF) to study on characteristics (pH, organic matter and grain size ) and clastogenicitythe distribution and of genotoxicityheavy metals inin fish the andsediments mussels as jarbuathe evaluation belongs on theto thedistribution order Perciformes of heavy metals of usingthe (Dailianiswell as to evaluateet al., 2003). and to assess the degree of heavy familyPCA (Principal Theraponidae. Component The Analysis)fish species, and theTherapon multiple metalsThe contamination MN tests have of been polltuion successfully in the usedland-sea as jarbuaregression(6-6.3 anlysis cm inhave length been and included. 4-4.25 g in weight) a measure of genotoxic stress in fish, under both was selected for the detection of genotoxic effect J. Potipat et al. / EnvironmentAsia 8(1) (2015) 133-143 2. Materials and Methods 2.3. Statistical analysis 2.1. Sediment sampling station All statistical analyses were performed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version The surface sediments were collected from 24 18 (Serial No.5083337). The correlation coefficient stations along the study sites which were divided between the heavy metal concentrations, the organic into 3 zones symbolically: A, B and C representing matter, the grain size and the pH in the surface sediment industrial (near Map Ta Phut industrial estate), urban showed differences of these relationships. The Principal community and agriculture or conservative land use Component Analysis (PCA) and the multiple regression areas, respectively (Fig. 1). At each station, the composite technique were used to summarize of the distribution sediments of 3 subsamples were collected by using the of heavy metals in the study area. Ekman grab during March 2012 to March 2013. The surface sediment samples from each station were placed 3. Results and Discussion in the polyethylene plastic bags and kept in an ice box during the transportation to the laboratory at Rambhai 3.1. The concentration of heavy metals and sediment Barni Rajabhat University to be stored at -20oC